Globalisation and the Global City

globalisation and the Global CityIntroductionGlobalization, it is not a new phenomenon (Stead, 2012) but has massive influenced in the late twentieth century around the world, which has strongly furbish uped on urban system in Europe, economics, political, cultural, surroundingsal dimensions. People speculate and make hypothesis around world-wideisation is related to scrap of cities with strong economic, innovative and creative ideas or structure on urban center prep. Most of researches about competitive metropolis are premised on cities do compete to each other, however, few scholars do question about it. What is competitiveness? Is it comparison with others? What aim do they want to achieve?Definition of competitivenessThe definition of competitiveness is unalike in several aspects. For companies, it is ability to produce products and service to meet the needs of customers and make maximum profit. For nations, it is degree to extend peoples income and keep harmony of c ountry with specific conditions within the world (OECD, 1994). For cities, it is an ability to generate better life, better goods, and better investment (Oyelaran-Oyenika, 2013).Competition is everywhere, but to what extent dope be defined as competition surrounded by cities. It is hard to clearly contend and signalise do cities or regions compete, in terms of different dimensions of definition in competition, and different contentions. The competition is between nations- states or cities and regions? It is hard to clarify which ace is it, fire the competition between cities be the one within states? capital of the United Kingdom as a city usually presents as United Kingdom in global ranking. Such as in wealth of country ranking, technically, or so of GDP are from capital of the United Kingdom, which literally can present United Kingdom.This paper is to discover whether cities or regions compete to each other or not, and what do they compete for. Generally, at that place are two different criteria economics aspect, and origination or creativity. To question is global city can present competitive city? slightly emerging challenges from globalization, technology changes, new economy, demographic density, and uncertainty for cities and regions.Cities compete?Very few studies have showed cities dont compete. Krugman (1995) contends that cities and regions do not compete to each other, they are palm for companies to compete for innovative and creative people and market. Nevertheless, Porter (2016), has argued that cities compete to each other. Cities compete in different ways from state-nations, they dont compete to decoy trading or assert the territory, which nations-states do. Moreover, it is not like business competition, cities competition doesnt concentrate on any single object to make the maximum profit. They do compete monetary resource from government, tourism, population of the city, wealth, employment, investment and good reputation across the country or within the world (Begg, 1999 Saez, 2015 Favero, 2016 Ratcliffe, 2006 Stewart, 1996). The prevailing urban policies are concentrated on hearty circumstances, affordable housing, for example, these are important for cities competitiveness (Porter, 1994). Such as, in UK, there was a competition for cities and towns, to elect the best city or town by dint of notable feature, significantly regionally/nationally, historical features and forward looking attitude (UK gov., 2001). The title from the competition may widen lots of effects for the city.battle of city is deemed slaying of city occasionally, and it can present quality of life (Begg, 1999 Rogerson, 1999). Production of city is dynamic measurement for citys competitiveness. The main key indicators of competitiveness economics, technological innovation, environment, global linkages, government management, and social cohesion (Ni, 2013). However, most of researches intensify on economics. In Faveros (2016) paper, he re ferred that hard economics, such as, cost of labour and employment rate of city are the most common hard economics factors to be discussed in citys competitiveness. When employment rate is higher than others may mean that the city is more competitive. On the contrary, open urban climate may influence competitiveness and is more like soft economics in urban development. Porter (1998) has stated that environment does affect cities competitiveness, economic extension or development may be solution for city germinateth. In the past, cities could compete for goods and services, due to the fast- changing environment, contemporary, people is polar element. Florida (2002) has built 3Ts model, which includes technology, talent and tolerance, these three factors tempt creative people flow into cities and trail citys growth. Additionally, Crossa (2016) has asserted that creative city is capable to attract all kinds of paid people turns to be more competitive in this world at present. Citi es which are more diverse and innovative may lead inflow of population. innovative and creative people are fundamental to cities and regions they are implements to interest firms and investment, lead success and economics growth for the areas (Paas, 2012).However, major competition in cities and regions is unclear or be demonstrated, there are multi- objectives in different areas to compete for, conversely, firms have clear single objective in competition- profits (Porter, 2016).Consequence from competition.Globalization is one of trends in governments, cities are facing some challenges about financial pressure, national security, institutional relations and role of government changing, environmental degradation, cultural and social changing, and lead to b effectuateless, increasing competition and cooperation within cities and regions (Ratcliffe, 2006). Cities can borrow successful ideas and practices from other cities done globalization (Stead, 2012). It may bring legislative an d administrative changes of localized institutions and policies, and turn on competitiveness in cities and regions. However, while competition is happening, cooperation is acting simultaneously, such as, INTERREG Programme it is facilitated cooperation by the EU with planners around Europe for their common development. In addition, cooperation between cities and regions can developed by making sister cities to build networking and promote cultural notions. Brakman (2015) claims that cooperation by having twinning cities can decrease transaction cost and significantly grow faster, which facilitate cities more competitive. Tosic (2007) also asserts that cooperation may lead stronger competitiveness and strategies of planning. Continuing from INTERREG Programme in Europe aids countries, cities, counties, or regions to address problems and derive experiences and harbour new approaches from others, also cope with variety of things from different fields. B-Team, it is one of projects fr om INTERREG Programme which is about development of brownfield before greenfield land as a principle of day-and-night growth in Belfast, it was involved 14 partners from 11 different countries ran for three years to regenerate brownfield to be more efficient for communities and aimed to help partners to break variation policies and developed integration of planning process. This project illustrates transferability by publishing to share with others who are interesting in it and may adopt it (B-Team, 2012). Significantly, it has great influence on investment. The participatory urban planning is a method to attract investors, stakeholders and actors to charm their interest and find out innovative solutions and procedures. Cooperation in this project do affect in regeneration process, and learn wider range of implements and manners, additionally, raising competitive in the city. Once city is more competitive, it possesses advantageous position in competitions.Competition between cit ies and regions has successfully attracted government and investors with forcing local institutions and governance to develop and reform (Lever, 1999). Competitive city generates economic growth and wealth with extending local market, creating opportunities and jobs for commonality, allocating more funds for infrastructures and planning (Oyelaran-Oyenika, 2013). be competitive attracts creative and innovative individuals and corporations gather. For example, in China, economic inflate has been lede strongly influence on construction, which causes more competition between cities. capital of Red China and Shanghai, two colossal cities were competing the opera houses, which was designed by famous French architect. Contemporary, these constructions have successfully attracted attendings, also brought enormous influence for city (Wyne, 2006). It may lead tourism growth, and economic growth indirectly. The competition can arouse faithfulness and pride of residents and people may under stand local authorities agenda better.Gospodini (2002) contends there are two parts of cities, which are opposite extremes in European urban system, metropolitan cities and smaller peripheral cities without indigenous resources for development. Rural regions may be more active to competition than urban regions, and try to stand out from it to get more opportunities for region and be more competitive to increase attention in certain competition. However, competition has driven by localized government and institutions, which may lead different results. The Three Sisters competition which is running within gray Ireland- Waterford, Kilkenny and Wexford, competing the title of European Capital of Culture 2020. The title may bring tourism growth for the county, which lead economic growth in rural and urban area of Ireland. The competition is taking place in 2015 and 2016, which is a longsighted-term form of planning, the result will be released in 2020. For years competing to each other , leading higher reputation and more well known, this title may bring growth of tourism and investment, having impact on economic growth. The reputation of the city would boom in the world, especially in Europe. City would have more funds from national government, retrieve local authorities with economic growth. In order to win the competition, local government may propose some policies for locuss development. There may be some special constructions or trading operations to stress on their characteristics, alteration heritages, or re-planning the place. However, there are some issues in rural area, three counties have limited fiscal resources and innovative ideas, which may cause passive operations on promoting. In Waterford city, for example, promotion flags of the competition are hung in city centre, but realistic situation is that few people have heard or weak understanding or confused about the aim of competition. There is no practical action to promote or implement it from lo calized government. This is a huge problem for regions outside metropolitan area. It is important to courage and regenerate area through central authoritys support on centralized or modify planning.Global citiesGlobal cities can be seen as competitive cities, which relate to different dimensions in economics, political, informative, cultural, societal, services concepts (Teece, 1990). The overall of global cities index in draw 25 is assumption of business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience and political engagement. The first bar chart below (Figure 1.1) displays that global elites are capital of the United Kingdom, new-fashioned York, and Paris which are hub of cultures, politics and economics with strong business activity and performance of labour, creativity (human capital). The top three have massive gap from furthest three in the ranking, in terms of strong business activities and performance of labour.Surprisingly, San Francisco and Boston ta ke place in top 5 of good performance of city (Figure 1.2) based on personal well- being, economics, innovation, and governance. Nevertheless, it stands out from other cities may due to endeavour and implementation on innovation. Conversely, Houston instead of Paris or capital of Japan squeezes into top 5 four out of five are cities from America, which can be presumed that America has advantageous position on economic and innovation in the world.These two bar charts prove that economic and innovation are the main reasons for city to be global city or competitive city.Figure 1.1 The concealment 25 Global Cities Index, Rank and ScoreSource A.T. Kearney, 2016 citied in Peterson, 2016, p2.Figure 1.2 The Top 25 Global Cities Outlook, Rank and Score Source A.T. Kearney, 2016 citied in Peterson, 2016, p2.Evolving challengesBeing ranked as a global city can be seen as a city with well competitiveness in environmental, political, spatial, social sites in order to further widen development. The competitive advantages have enormous influence on social welfare, politics position, public infrastructures, local services, financial support, media service, tourism planning, educational support and organization, international trading and may easily become headquarter of company or investment (Han 2005). Nevertheless, some issues and challenges have emerged, such as, new economy, technological changes, demographic density, urban design, and uncertainty (Ratcliffe, 2006).Globalization forces to transfer into new global economy, which may make different trends of competitiveness, politics, welfare, environment, investment and connectivity with others. To carter to sustain competitiveness, policies should be modified. Sometimes, planning policies hardly identify trends or require long-term periods to adapt it. While technological changes, informational functions are affected and implement of communication within cities and regions, jump on equipment may influence progress and se rvice. If city doesnt follow up technological changes, probably, it would lose competitive advantage in new era. Inflow of mi dish outs is phenomenon of competitive city, extension of population strongly impacts on urban planning, affordable housing, work opportunities, criminal issues, transportation, greenfield, environmental problems, public infrastructures, education, and quality of life. urban design and planning in competitive city consider about aesthetics objects, environmental dimension, political pressure, economic constraints, residential conditions. Approaches of planning are complex and uncertain, they suppose to adapt into dynamic changes, which means they should be creative and innovative strategies to prepare future changes.Evolving challenges from competition between cities and regions- Globalization is happening, transnational capital and international flows of labours are strongly influenced by it.ConclusionThe competition between cities and regions do happen, mea nwhile, so do cooperation. Both of them are crucial for cities to be global city. Many evidences demonstrate that cities and regions engage with competitiveness and cooperation (Tosic, 2007 Teece, 1990). The department of trade and industry of UK has published a report (2005) about the position in EU, and it clearly asserts that they do support the competition and open market in Europe in order to attract more creative people and investment, and reinforce on innovation and competition. The competition could encourage cities or regions have new ideas, moving forward, becoming different and better. There are more advantages than disadvantages in cities and regions competition, which brings diversity and implementation. If there is no competition between cities and regions, people dont want to move on, no motivation to improve or change themselves, and no city growth. Less opportunities for city, outflow of population, city will face recession. No one want to get better, city riding habit be better and wont catch the changing world and eventually, be deserted by the world. With competitiveness, cities have proven more successful in long term. However, competition and cooperation are acting simultaneously, both are crucial for city growth, it is important to find the balance of them.The solution for evolving challenges may be decentralized in urban area. 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