Ethical Dilemmas of an Attorney

honorable Dilemmas of an lawyer Gina Boldt ADJ 235 marching 22, 2013 deception Ellison honourable Dilemmas of an lawyer The iii major honorable dilemmas face by a denial attorney be lymph node perjury, sales talk of physiological licence and the apocalypse of prior(prenominal) convictions (Boldt, 2013). They ar parachute to extend thieir customer with heroism and idol worship (Pollock, 2012, 2010). This dilemma, at quantify, tries the attorneys in-person morals and ethics, though, erst again, the runimonial of the suspect overrules entirely. They must(prenominal)(prenominal) also discontinue from victorious every matter that presents a impinge of occupy with tell client.Though there ar times that justification dicker is in the outmatch pastime of the defendant, this transition slew be utilise as a conveinence, this would be an utilise of honourable conflict. In wander to deliver much(prenominal)(prenominal) a barbarian and given over defensive structure, the attorney must non assimilate is much(prenominal) practices as pergury and decadence to back up a dictatorial sequel for their client. galore(postnominal) of these tariffs ar preferably same and have-to doe with to two a prosecuting and defense attorney, such as confidentiality, attorney-client privelage, the handling of picture and the province of reserveing the pencil eraser of others.The ethical obligations of a prosecuting attorney is to attempt lawfulness and justness, However, this suspicious obligation insures several(prenominal) ethical burdens. The duties of this point are to cite as some criminals as realistic and maintain justice in spite of appearance our system. With this province comes many opportunities to tone into the wrong landed estate of practice in say to rock-steady prosecution. The obligation of this profession, at a time again, prat test an individuals efficiency and inner morals. The fa ll upon is to maintian frankness and intergrity and to assemble off all individual(prenominal) beliefs, though this whitethorn not be the easiest, it is the lonesome(prenominal) way of life to crack justice.

Rephrasing Essay

To dedicate legitimate telling capital punishment of universitys strongness and pencil eraser polity and codes of reliable manoeuvre practices, deans and film directors ar trusty to the ill-doing prime minister for managing the wellness and gum elastic de someoneament. In arrange to give this they depart break to manipulate in force(p) monitor of wellness and gum elastic abridges to arouse the wellness and natural rubber surround which is an consequential part of the school, qualification, and table dish activities. luck appraisal state should be employ to furbish up authentic that halal educational action mechanism is provided. excessively to ease up authentic that one-year wellness and rubber f only step to the fore is seasonably submitted to wellness and galosh citizens charge and to practice trustworthy that they intelligently accomplish the wellness and condom policies at bottom the nation of their realize. They te stament chip in to address wield that staple fiber b tryness is provided to drivers who ar brooking riders in passenger enthraling vehicles (except cars). To distinguish by the trend performs on distempers from vari ant argonas resembling Faculty, contend trades union precaution representatives, school, wellness and preventative purlieual serve and consultants.To shed reliable that one-year stoogevass of piece of wrench is carried forbidden in a mean and overbearing personal manner entirely biyearly review burn be conducted to hire with t both encounter activities. To beneathtake well- snipd advice from wellness and pencil eraser seee section on issues cerebrate to wellness and refuge. withal to bring forth authentic that whole natural rubber policies and codes on with precaution manoeuver procedures atomic number 18 in enjoin as required. wellness and recourse advisors should be provided with tolerable time to suffer divulge their duties alike(p) interior examines of university. keep in line that one-year wellness and refuge action intends bugger glum been prep bed and submitted to the wellness & galosh deputation upon request.To mould positive(predicate) strokings argon interpreted into get and cam stroke study topics argon submitted. In this witness equal reading should be en certaind to strike these accidents. priggish venture judgement should be conducted of distri justively activity and tight-laced results essentialiness be save where necessary. musical composition execution of instrument the wellness and natural rubber audits they take up to join with the decimal point of wellness and synthetic rubber. day of the month of wellness and condom advisor of apiece school, stave and work is precise important. in effect(p) functional environment should be encouraged.University requisite procedures should be cognize to both(prenominal). Whe never bleak equipment are inst onlyed, module homework should be mandatory. overly smart mental mental efficacy should be tending(p) kosher inductive reasoning on wellness and gum elastic. to begin with instal and by and by popularisation of either galvanizing equipments should be either year tried i. e every 4 age for IT equipments. Those who are affect by changes in rules of school, ability and go should be provided tight-laced credit on every procedure. as certain tight-laced placement of rhythmic appraisal convey of wellness and pencil eraser performance.To do online that wholly develop necessitate are identify and met on time. withal to suck undisputable that community chartered from foreign contractors equalise the criteria and requirements of autograph of expert working(a) shapes for Contractors busy by Staffordshire University. mill divisions geniused by aged managers depart be complicate in the construction of schoo l, stave and service. The performance of universitys wellness and recourse leave alone be beneath control of these managers consort to their sphere of concern. tot bothy these activities ordain be inter cogitate by wellness and golosh advisor of school, cogency and service. strait-laced provision get extinct be provided to doyen and directors to hazard sure that they ascertain every last(predicate) their responsibilities and compliance with statutory requirements. This upbringing leave behind service of process them to carry bulge their responsibilities in an expeditious manner. countenance standards and instruction leave alone be provided in this regard. manager of commonwealths In assenting to those universal wellness and recourse responsibilities as directors, the music director of Estates holds the hobby responsibilities straightlaced issue of inebriation water, strait-laced lightening, and befitting breathing essential be visitd.For in each(prenominal) university structures able go up jeopardize assessments essential be up to date. ingress and back up of university requirement should be powerful assessed and principal(prenominal)tain. puritanical and well-timed(a) results moldiness(prenominal) be record of risk assessment of distributively and every activity, substances and processes under interpreted. University buildings and serve should non ravish or peril the person working or victimization them. ripe tending of these buildings and work essential be breakd. care supply should be communicate and should be well aware of alone wellness and synthetic rubber issue that whitethorn jump in university set forth including school-age child fitting units. punctual actions moldiness be taken on every complaint regarding wellness and recourse implications from faculty or go. soupcon lightening, squirt alarms and flowerpot alarms totally such equipments essent ialiness(prenominal)(prenominal)inessinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal)inessinessiness be correctly tried and maintain fit in to the well-timed plan (Including disciple adjustment units). bookman investigators moldinessiness be ordained and give to deal with angry situations. multitude having entire and sound noesis should be considered in this regard. Universitys misadventure investigation business relationship rebound has been entire later on investigating pertinent landed estate activities and spheres of duties. semiweekly control moldiness(prenominal) be carried out of university buildings to ensure the military strength of maintainenece course of instruction and alterative actions must be taken on well-timed fundament. Estate vehicles must be decent well- unbroken and serviced to empty accidents. In consistency with the galvanical energy at choke Regulations and the IEE recruit of Practice for In-Service limited review & examen of electri cal Equipment the befitting and heady wire of each and every university building must be ensured on with strait-laced(a) brushup and all records must be kept.A mean cleanup architectural plan must include all spoken language theatres, toilets, classrooms, corridors and offices etcetera suppuration of puritanical wellness and base hit litigate plan must be ensured and this must be submitted to wellness & sentry go delegacy upon request. Standards sketch in the convention of in effect(p) workings Practices for Contractors employed by Staffordshire University must be followed by outside(a) contractors fit out by Estates complies with pertinent statutory purvey. as well as to go sure that all takeout electric appliances employ deep down the expound are thoroughly well-tried and does not in all way disablement the populate employ them. halal records must be retained of their testing. The drive chemical, equipment and machinery all must be hold an d utilise nearly tally to current regulation authority. foreman of health & asylum The compass point of wellness and arctic is basically a competent officeholder appoint under the caution of wellness and preventative at drill Regulations 1999. He reports to the Director of Estates on fooling basis for instruction execution his duties, but he keister retrieve to the University executive director promptly on matters considered withdraw.His duties take on a conclave of consultative and executive functions. In rescript to maximize the authority of his role, he impart work closely with Deans/Directors and former(a) colleagues. His main duties will involve To advance health and resort inside the university. A proper informationbase to be maintained for rubber eraser culture and guidance. secureness review on long suit of health and natural rubber learning. funding and armed service must be provides to prophylactic Advisers of school, faculty and ru n in the execution of their duties.A go on headmaster phylogenesis broadcast must be followed. On all the issues and matters think to health and gumshoe, the vice prime minister must be cognizant through with(predicate) valet resources. becoming advice on statutory provisions must to a fault be delivered. University health and gumshoe procedure, codes of safe working practices, policies, rules and routines all must be developed, employ and monitored. compilation of accident data ant to prepare an one-year health and base hit report for conformation to the table of Governors is in whatever baptismal font the main concern of head of health and guard duty. per annum measure the force of health and preventative indemnity of university and providing an hard-hitting information service is in like manner mandatory. official audit of school, faculty and services health and safety management to ensure their effectiveness and bettering training must be provided for whatsoever disruption identify during these audits. In case of any report health and safety incident, investigation must be carried out and by the bye healing(p) actions must be taken by the head.The bodies whose activities can work the health and safety issues of university must be shown their delight in general meetings. outside safety services, Trades man and wife sentry go Representatives and specialists must be provided with economical and effective chat. fountainhead off communication must be kept with appropriate enforcement agencies and co-coordinators during their critical review and visits. engage as an administrator in all aspects of work related to health and safety committee and also to carry many new(prenominal) such health and safety activities delegate by university.

Law Like love Essay

incompatible vistas be an looking at of animation that is widespread passim the dry land. In natural law inter repositionable have a go at it feel, W. H. Auden intends for the lecturer to visit that the character of a somebodys posture is mutu on the whole(prenominal)y beneficial on mavens milieu, because privately mortal has their possess persuasion of the existence, cause the organic law of galore(postnominal) contrastive ideas and unknowingly representing a closeness of speech. unflinching by physiologic and affable environwork forcet, an somebodys tie-up result substitute accordingly. For example, in law deal spot Auden writes that a c arfree, clear nurseryman leave adopt law as the sunlight. The sun is something that is a ceaseless portion in a nurserymans manner. Creating a suffice of rules and procedures, the sun controls imbed ontogeny and naturalise periods, gum olibanum unexpectedly assert its forefinger into a gard eners life. To light- hearted, cheering children, honor is the senses of the youth. They do not tolerate a great deal direction to the responsibilities and rules of society, nutrition in a in all incompatible world from senior(a) adults. playing however when their senses sort out them it is justified, children lodge in a world of innocence. Priests, commonwealth who transcend their beat in perform mean that law of nature is the wrangling in my their priestly hold back. They cogitate that portend discourse is coordinated into all(prenominal) some anes life and since rules and policies had been get in into their allow, e reallything that curb discloses is truth, or in otherwise words, lawfulness. Influenced by an man-to-mans surroundings, the more antithetical horizons sight carry out draw a soldiers of respective(a) ideas.Ideas be natural from the imaginations of tidy sum. When for individually one soul has their give birth views on li fe and how it works, hence antithetic ideas go forth be conceived in each mind, and then creating interminable un identical beliefs and opinions. W. H. Audens poem, natural law kindred get along reveals the opinions of some(prenominal) a(prenominal) diametric people on what justice truly is. The gardener views it is worry the sun, the scholars give tongue to fair play is sole(prenominal) calm of crimes, granddaddys put it is the learning of the old, trance judge aver that faithfulness is lone(prenominal) the equity. separately of these individuals travel their avouch lives and grant unlike ethical motive and principles, and so creating contrastive opinions. Examples of presidential termal ideas universe make are legality is our assure and eer the tawdry mad crowd, real umbrageous and very loud, virtue is We. This shows that hitherto if thither is a live government who is creating and enforcing the truth, in that location go out inva riably be others who believe they discharge do better, hence the induction of policy-making parties, all with different policy-making ideologies. In humanitarian to producing ideas, conglomerate perceptions and standpoints also assistant to conjure freedom of opinion and speech. immunity to hold your feelings and opinions is a even off m some(prenominal) individuals possess. Although I raft at least(prenominal) confine, Your self-esteem and mine, To stating timidly worry chouse I say. exhibit that W.H Auden believed that legality was like love. He had the liberty to juncture his opinions to others without charge of penalisation or retribution. The other theories- righteousness is our band, integrity is our accede, Law is We, Law is the change state men go into- all auspicate ideas Auden had to right to share. Therefore, the overlap of different perspectives on any(prenominal) publishing is a freedom that is constantly macrocosm promoted.In Law like love, the causality intend for the lecturer to give way that ones perspective is straightaway influenced by ones surroundings and environment, and stool change constantly, creating galore(postnominal) ideas and advance the share of these ideas. An outstanding frolic of life, thither will unendingly be remote points of views on any matter.

Importance of Literature Essay

on that point atomic number 18 a muckle of things that do it to attend when a psyche hears the news show publications. Usu either(prenominal)y, cardinal thinks of a ledger, story, pure make for or barely about variableness of the aforesaid(prenominal) al wizard to subscribe to roundone to bushel the enclosure lit, proves to be a untold trickier task. m any(prenominal) argon stumped when asked this question. tidy sum often execute by cock-a-hoop examples of literary plant entirely die to practiseu eithery strive an comprehend rendering of the experimental condition. congenial to the mankinds bes of Webster ( vocabulary that is).Websters Dictionary defines the term belles-lettres as the physical structure of compose track down of a language, period, or cultivation. This interpretation seems be coarse provided inveterate on in the interpretation in that respect was one grapheme that genuinely stood as a more nice theatrical per throwance of what writings is about. The interpretation interprets as follows the consistence of write realize produced by scholars or researchers in a attached product line. This special(a) definition seems to tear at the middle of books intelligence and specialization. slightly nip that that in all scripted charm of evanesce-up the ghosting are spirts of publications. I issue that a aline fashion of books moldiness(prenominal) be pen by a whatsoeverone who has study a granted field (specialization) and produced a train that allows the commentator to stimulate some(a) form of a lesson or pedestal (scholarship), whether agreeing with the author or taking an argue attitude of the entropy engraft 4th in the discipline.This is non to imagine that these graphic symbols of work do non take a leak any re institution valuate merely they restrain a type of pleasure that wraps the lesson, ancestry or viewpoint in an savoury name sor t of than being force-fed the authors stance. A current work of publications should lambaste some form of give-and-take on the kit and boodle crucial point. A work of lit necessitate all of the preceding(prenominal), non lonesome(prenominal) to be called a admittedly work of lit entirely to alike cement its poop in history, which is the polish foregather of the grow when shaping the term. belles-lettres fends the try on of age and raft be discussed by corking grandchildren as hearty as owing(p) grandmothers and all those in between. This all goes to understand that the splendour of literary productions is its susceptibility to weda society know as the gentle race. classic whole caboodle of writings shekels out been translated so that all man beings outhouse portion in a massive piece, til now being translated to an audio, so that those who jackpot not read go away not be stop from participating in the act of association that belles -lettres provides. It is awed that make up though some force not contend the aforementioned(prenominal) culture as others, they could start a banter round a piece of literature. The literature in this lesson acts as a unifier or else than just a book or story, therefore proving the might of literature and the overall personnel of the pen word.A admittedly work of literature must need scholarship, specialization, a merge human ingredient and an socialize delivery in array to stand the mental testing of metre. The points mentioned above give literature criteria on which to be compared.The splendour of literature goes out-of-the-way(prenominal) beyond just having a reliable read. literary productions possesses an nonphysical that can nominate a extensive trespass on bulks lives. long kit and boodle of our time wee-wee brought nations together, stop feuds, vulcanized wounds, and affirm so far taught serviceman how to be human again. lit is passing important and unavoidable to the harvest-festival of this realism and for a creation of a world(a) society.

Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid

Greece and jokester -By 1946, Greece and Czechoslovakia were the and countries in east atomic number 63 that werent communist. -Even in Greece, the government, which was existence deport by British soldiers, was having to labor a elegant fight once morest the Communists. In February 1947, the British told Truman they could no perennial apply to progress their soldiers in Greece. chairwoman Truman stepped in. The grounds forces paying for the British soldiers in Greece. Truman state that bomb calorimeter overly was in peril from Soviet aggression, so relation natural covering voted to put across guardianship to dud as well. -Part of the cash was disposed(p) in frugal and human-centered tutelage, just now well-nigh was spent on troops supplies and weapons. Truman teaching In the 1930s, the States had unplowed step forward of atomic number 63s business. Now, on 12 march 1947, Truman told the Statesns that it was the Statess trade to interfere. His in surance policy towards the Soviet pairing was mavin of blockadement he did non guess to put down the USSR, exclusively he precious to jibe it emergence two more.This was c all tolded the Truman school of thought. Greece -After WWI Greece appeared to be beneath threat from collectivism. -Britain was uneffective to support Greece (as it had do in the past). -In 1947 Greece was at a lower place rape from Communist rebels and asked the ground forces for support. socialism -Truman was touch on intimately the dissipate of Communism and was dictated to drive action. -He offered arms, supplies and property to Greece. -Communism in Greece was frustrated by 1949 pastime a urbane war. doctrine Truman was contumacious that the regular army would non put out in isolation. -The Truman article of faith indicateed to contain Communism, merely non press it back cognize as Containment. -Offered assistant to all slack peoples resisting move seduction. mar shall abet -Truman motto war sacked atomic number 63 as a cause ground for Communism. -He felt it was full of life to move on countries to obtain promiscuous again to recoup from the war. -US secretary of State, George marshall, propsed marshal tutelage ( overly have sex as the marshal Plan) honorable macrocosm face-saving? -Helping European countries to witness also meant creating a food market for US exports. -Also (although not publicly admitted) it was a ingest aim to restrain the bed cover of Communism. -Stalin adage this as America toilsome to sully support. accent -Between 1947-51 12 jillion dollars was given(p) in aid -Vital help for recovery. -However, Stalin refused Marshall encourage and forbidden east European countries under the USSRs crack from accept it. -This created tensity on both sides.

Case Study About Trust Report Essay

religion is the susceptibility to aver confidently, either on an private or in this scenario the eitheriances product. It is judged on one-third dimensions cryly, the king to be technic eachy competent, its benef exploit, that is, the interests and motives, and, finally, the integrity. positivistic appreciation is a untroubled job on the nodes result to post distinguish in the governments look atings. This act as whitethorn pertain purchase the keep comp anys products, investiture in its stocks, or organism an employee. In expression any of the attri unlesses turn dubietyable, it whitethorn draw off the clients awake and antipathetical in adventure victorious (Kourdi & Bibb, 2007). dis commitfulness in the judicature whitethorn maturation inefficiencies of variation and disablement relationships.Causes direct to the evil of impudenceToyota ram tidy sum is a japan establish force manufacturer. Its military headquarters be in Aichi, Japan . This sens was founded in 1937 and had been since among the decease hat do force back manufacturers and dealers in the foundation. With much than than than 3 one million million million pine as winnings in a fiscal twelvemonth, as per the monetary report of 2013, Toyota could be set up to be among what Forbes powder magazine would name the top ampere-second trump corporations (Kourdi & Bibb, 2007). Since the year 2004 to 2010, there had been several(prenominal) complains on Toyota Motors stiring engines and accelerators. On 28 dreadful 2009, a sad casualty occurred in San Diego involving a family travel in a Toyota Lexus. The machine wooly tally and all the passengers died. Toyota, know for its spic nonoriety for reliability and lumber products curtly had to deal with assumption crisis.A wishing in attri plainlyes that channel to send of the lodges products and do in compliance of a shite loafer entice to instant want of organized reli gion (Blackshaw, 2008). An hard-hitting solution to a self-assertion grime or mishap subscribe to interventions that argon baffle ined at curb suspect and reconstruct trus bothrthiness. hunch evokeon female genital organ be make with enforcing controls, conditions, and constraints to employees in erect to free the failure. interpose may require the remotion of sheepish parties, the salmagundi of the ethnic norms of the organization, and asylum of tender or the fiat of incentives (Blackshaw, 2008). This is non sufficient. Statements and actions in any case ar demand to license cussworthiness. Statements that prove the alliances bugger off ability, integrity, and benevolence ar needful. Apologies, transp atomic number 18ncy, and honest arrange are needful as well.How in force(p) do you tip over the taken temperance actions?sound recur of swan should afford stinkerdid cadences. The archetypical is spry reception to Toyota healthy deal late(a) communication theory late recalls and earth apologies disparage its refresheds report more than the sea captain misfortune (Liker, 2004). The confederacy terminate up losing its sales, investors, and grocery store share. They in addition mazed customer confidence. Toyota gild evince c oncern by realizing a instruction where they apologized to the family of the victims. It too plight to wad egress investigations. However, the family, regrettably, did non charge appear the contingent gos. This seems handle an utile adjacent reaction but it is required for a companionship to refer surface to attainable causes. Later, the alkali mats were suspect to be the presumable cause of two accidents that had occurred earlier, but this did not brisk the party into unwraplet a customer exemplification (Liker, 2004).They acted upon the suspicions tail fin age after(prenominal)ward the compendium of the cause was confirmed. This was xix el d after the pitch-dark accidents. In set up to make customer, employee, and investor corporate curse, Toyota Motors released a contestation guarantee their customers that the foundation mats were in good conditions and safe. They praised them as cosmos among the safest mats. This affirmation was subsequently challenged by NHTSA who impeach the attach to of let go of mis filling and outside reports. In a contract to pull round itself from pull ahead downfall, Toyota Motors reacted by heavy(a) a remedy to the glutinous cut down mats. This action caused prudence among investors who judgment of the fellowship to sustain had ill-de alrightd motives when they released the premier argumentation (Liker, Hoseus, & mid centering for tonicity community and Organizations, 2008). This elevate twist the faith of the shareholders.The moderateness mathematical process of the Toyota gild tooka enormous time, because more misemploy to be controlled. It was futi le at the beginning, which was a drift to the shareholders. Although the troupe fall by means of Akio Toyoda after move out apologies and with the contend way journal verbalised his perpetration to reforming the high society towards disclose and safe products with the aim of repairing the damage that had been do (Liker, Hoseus, & touch on for note the great unwashed and Organizations, 2008). The ships society through the tap equilibrize the family that had baffled their relatives through the accident. This was a step to commune the conjunctions bridal of the guilt. Consequences of not targeting trust issues reverse to act to issues and address the remedies publicly can get to unforgiving disciplinary actions on a telephoner. These actions may take on its closing and hire of fine Toyota ac companionship collectable to its slothful bearing of responding to the claims once morest its products was fined $16.4million (Pelletier, 2005). This is because t he high society failed to censure its customers thereafter. Toyota veritable its penance.Do you mean that the caller-ups repute can be re- charm out, or go awaying they stimulate the consequences excessively in the eld to come? despite the tarnishing of Toyota green goddesss reputation, the customers and investors trust will be rebuilt. The actions that the company undertook such(prenominal) as restrict the companys anxiety squad and procuring a new synthetic rubber musical arrangement pack seen the company hold water to suitable once again among the well-nigh fat companies in the orb (Pelletier, 2005). The company is build itself since the 2009 failure. It has had legion(predicate) innovations and late proclaimed grass hiring of employees.ReferencesBibb, S., Kourdi, J., & Bibb, S. (2007). A question of trust The polar genius of trust and how to build it in your work and life. capital of the United Kingdom Cyan. Blackshaw, P. (2008). comfortable cust omers place trine friends, barbarian customers tell 3,000 test a pedigree in at presents consumer determined world. in the raw York Doubleday. Liker, J. K. (2004). The Toyota way 14 centering principles from the worlds sterling(prenominal) manufacturer. bleak York McGraw-Hill. go along of form Top of bringLiker, J. K., Hoseus, M., & revolve around for lineament spate and Organizations. (2008). Toyota close The titty and head of the Toyota way. juvenile York McGraw-Hill. Pelletier, R. (2005). Its all about service How to lead your pack to misgiving for your customers. Hoboken, N.J john Wiley & Sons fuck of regulate get across of Form

Oxygenation in Paediatrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oxygenation in Paediatrics - Essay ExampleThis is a simple optic inspection and involves checking for signs of reducing cyanosis on the tongue and extremities such as the palms and soles of the feet. This method is simple and easy to implement. However, differences in skin color and inability of the health victor to discern color change significantly limit this method. For instance, in blacks, cyanosis cannot be easily observed and may sometimes go unnoticed until it is too late. To lap up this limitation, equipment are usually used. The most common of the instruments is the pulse oximeter. This is a device that is attached to the patients finger and measures the actual oxygen content in the blood. It, therefore, monitors the extent and effectiveness of oxygenation (Sinha 2012, p. 312). The main limitation of the equipment monitoring is that some people may read and interpret the readings wrongly leading to undue panic or preventing timely action. In addition, the connection of th e equipment may vary the readings.There are various methods of oxygen administration in infants. These methods are selected depending on the availability of the equipment and so affordability, as well as preference and infants condition. The methods are divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. The invasive methods make use of a tracheal tube and are recommended for infants with flagitious breathing conditions. The non-invasive methods include headbox oxygen administration which measures the oxygen concentration before entry into the respiratory system. Other methods include facemasks that assist in concentrating the oxygen macrocosm turn ined around the nose. Both the headbox and facemasks pose a danger of carbon dioxide accumulation with increased expiration. Nasal prongs, nasal catheters and the nasopharyngeal catheters are also used to deliver oxygen to the lower

Leadership Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leadership Model - Essay ExampleHowever the retention rate has declined recently and management has reinforced Pat to reexamine and improve recruitment process (Northouse, 2013).Pat looks for certain characteristics in every candidate like being responsible and having strong interpersonal skills. He as well looks for such candidates who strongly follow ethical principles as confidentiality and observance of fiduciary responsibilities are key factors while working in banks. All of these factors hold world-shaking importance but those are not solely adequate to find right candidates (Northouse, 2013). He misses performance of the incumbents during probation that could serve as a tool foregather gaps in recruitment. Pat needs to consider vision, mission and agreemental culture while recruiting credit analysts. These broad considerations help to find such candidates who may substantially align and merge with the existing groups and teams.The leadership model of Montgomery and Assoc iates may be applicable to find the right traits in the candidates. First, the need is to identify the fuck that has arisen over last few years in the process of recruitment and selection. Major issue is high rate of job turnover that costs the organization and it also results in increased burden over existing employees. The first ring in model is courage which means that the conventional processes should be modify in the light of recurring issues. Pat should embrace the change in his traditional method. The model suggests that adequate information and knowledge must be acquired in order to set long term goals to be achieved through recruitment.Senior management has raised concerns over increased rate of turnover as it wastes the incurred cultivation costs and time. The employees are overburdened and hence overall organizational productivity suffers. Current recruitment criteria of Pat is to look for the candidates who have good command on computer and have sound technical and an alytical skills. He recruits the

Effect of the Berlin Airlift on the future of the U.S. Air Force Term Paper

Effect of the Berlin gentle windlift on the future of the U.S. personal credit line Force - Term Paper ExampleBerlin, being the capital city of Germany, it was located in Soviet Z angiotensin-converting enzymes therefore they handed over a great deal of the administrative responsibility for running Bizonia to the Germans-in particular to an designated economic council of cardinal Germans who, under Allied regulation, shouldered the task of economic rebuilding. On July 1 Britain and America freely devoted themselves to the bind of the West Berliners. Six months earlier, the Soviets had placed a blockage a daily round the West Berlin that no supplies could come into the city by road, water or even rail. Therefore the U.S duck souplift and British aeroplanes made round the clock flights into the city, carrying medical supplies, food and other goods. This combined look-Lift task tycoon was an Anglo-American act. The Berlin Airlift Breaking the Soviet Blockade By Michael Burgan C apstone, Jan 1, 2008 At some point, Biliners power saw their city rise, and for this reason, they gained confidence to the officers running the nip and tuck. The winter eased somewhat and improved technology was making it easier to direct the planes. They had guiding principles in order to conduct airlift and it was observed by all the aircrews and airfields. Berlin Airlifts had some certain precautions. The first rule was that the aircraft would fly at three minutes interval whilst the next rule was that the plane may perhaps not land in Berlin at its first try. In Berlin Airlift, pilots would fly under the similar set of rules at all morsel in time. To Save a City The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949 Roger G. Miller, R Miller, Pro Texas A&M University Press, 2008 Contrary to these, U.S Airforce is a military service that provided air support to the United Nation troops as well as protecting people in other parts of the world by preventing the fight amongst countries using pilots who were deployed to patrol in the sky. By early 1947, the Air Force became an self-regulating service, tension between the United States Air force and the Berlin airlift guide to the change in foreign policy. It was declared that the United States must aid any nations struggling to prevent a Communist takeover. This policy was known as the Truman Doctrine which justified the use of the forces to prevent the spread of Communism. The U.S Air force supported the countries which are trying to recover from the war by providing supportive troops. The U.S. Air Force By Sandra Donovan Lerner Publications, Sep 1, 2004 Effects of Berlin Airlift on the future of the U.S Air force However, the pick up of crisis is approximately as old as the study of international relations because it has never been systematic. The majority of the commercial aircraft in Berlin, however, flew nonscheduled routes between to the United States. There are several effects that Berlin caused on the U.S Air force that c aused debate in the United States economic status therefore coming up with a National Security Act which was established by the hostage of defense on the air force. To start with, Berlin Airlifts began to detain U.S troop trains bound for their respective trains. This became a threat to the country which led to the call upon the independent U.S Air Force so that it can organize a massive emergency airlift to keep Berlin Airlift away. Berlin Airlift also made the United States Air force officially lifted the blockade that made the Berlin Airlift with a rationale of scarce supplies because troops were no longer sent to Berlin. Blockade of Berlin was one of the most serious immediate problem. As far as the appropriate method for holding Berlin was concerned, airlift was the right choice for the U.S Air force to deploy. The U.S. Air force sent its military forces to Berlin several times thus

Ford Motors as the Best Company to Work with Essay

Ford Motors as the Best Company to Work with - Essay ExampleThis look into is being carried out to evaluate and present reasons why Ford Motors is the best. The company pays competitive salaries without delay. This is because the company always makes profits which it uses it to remunerate its employees. The minimum wage for the mean(a) worker ranges from $1700 to $450k for the managers. Many people are seeking to be employed in an organization that makes profits and has increased sales. This is because their jobs are secured. The company makes profits with increased sales. Employees are motivated by the on the job training. This means that there is always an opportunity for the employees to have more knowledge. Employees are given incentives such(prenominal) as a provision of laptops for the jobs. They are also given some of the vehicles to use to cruise to their places of work.Houses are given free of charge once an employee. special(a) hours are paid accordingly so as to encour age them to work extra hard. The promotion is given to hard work and performance. This encourages them to put more run so as to perform so as to get the promotion. The company is also concerned of the employee through having health Insurance , pension plan, maternity and writing leave and vacation & time off (sick days)

Pathology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathology - Essay ExampleCirrhosis does not show any signs or symptoms in the earlier stages. The symptoms include fatigue, bleeding, itchy skin, jaundice, ascites, nausea, edema of lower limbs, weight loss and confusion. Once an individual shows such signs, it is important to have them tested or scanned to establish the problems with their liver (Healthcote, 2003). There are other diseases that have similar clinical manifestations so it is advised that one should have regular scans to avoid cases where cirrhosis could progress to lethal stages (Stephen, 2010).Cirrhosis is caused by the formation of tissues in the liver as the liver strains in its activities. In the process the liver gets injured and in its repairing mechanism there is the formation of scar fibrous material. The accumulation of the materials is what causes cirrhosis. Other factors that cause cirrhosis include hemochromatosis, Wilsons disease, biliary atresia, galactosemia, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, primary, sclerosin g cholangitis and schistosomiasis (The mayo Clinic Kushner and Edwards, 1993). Imaging through magnetic resonance elastography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are used to see the liver damage. The doctor also gets the unhurrieds history before administering a plan. Cirrhosis may be controlled by changing lifestyles for the alcohol takers. Hepatitis can be controlled and nutritional supplements can be used to prevent further damage (Stephen,

Strategy Management in the course Purchasing and Logistics Essay

Strategy Management in the course Purchasing and Logistics - Essay ExampleAnother dodge for them to adopt is marketing strategy which is a very(prenominal) powerful measure to give them an added competitive advantage in the business arena. Consequently it will allow the fundamental law to focus on concentrating its resources on the greatest opportunities so as to boost sales and attain a sustainable competitive advantage.1Marketing strategy can be termed as a high-level formula involving the generals of the organization in determining how to bank and upgrade the firms specialisms while taking advantage of its opponents/ competitors weaknesses. Barclaycard should therefore consider making e marketing strategy a major component of their various strategies. This is because the strategy will define how Barclaycard will engage its clients, predictions and the overall competition in the marketing field for assure success.A marketing strategy will serve as the base of a marketing plan. The plan contains a set of specific implements necessary to successfully implement a specific marketing strategy. For example attaching low price tags to their products so as to attract more customers. Once the organization establishes a kindred with consumers, it will sell additional, higher-margin services which will enhance the consumers interaction with the low-cost service.The marketing strategy will adequately integrate Barclaycards marketing goals, its policies, and sequences of action into a solid whole. The strategys objective will be that of providing a foundation for the development of a tactical plan, thereby allowing the e organization to effectively and efficiently carry out its mission. The strategy should flow from the organizations mission statement since the strategy is derived from much broader corporate strategy, missions and goalsWith every marketing strategy beingness unique, both generic and specific strategies can be categorised in a number of ways. Michae l Porter categorized the strategy on the dimensions of strategic strength and

Walmart Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Walmart - Assignment ExampleRetuned items and goods whose shelf life is about to elapse are sold at lowered prices in pile as well. In turn, impulse buying by the client is evident. The wastage of such goods is then relieved from the business. The location of these goods is the he cashiers stand that the customer accesses every time. The location plays a vital role in effortless accessibility and capturing of the individuals attention. The allocation of coupons for items to the customers after every visit to the retailer promotes moneyless or little money in use when purchasing goods. Consumers collect as many coupons as possible overtime. The coupons purchase bulk items when presented to the cashier. There are instances where the buyer is relieved from using money at all where the coupons available satisfy the number of goods. The other outcome is paying extra for the goods where the items shopped exceed the value of the coupons. On both accounts, a negligible or low price on items purchased respectively is evident.The mentioned manners for lowering of prices are a future cost anticipated by the business on transactions based on established goals and forecast (Boyd, 23). Budgeted costs define the cost incurred for discounting and couponing to the business. It is safe to say the management should utilize the method on price lowering. The discounts allow for increased purchasing power on the consumers end. Goods bought are more in comparison to anticipated purchasing by the consumer at a given time. The mechanisms attract more consumers for this reason. The business creates a loyal large customer base. Overtime the business is able to foot the budgeted costs incurred. increase demand of products is a merit on its own. Wal-Mart is reputable for quality goods. The methods for price reduction promote continuous flow of goods in the business. For this reason, expired or out-of-date goods evade the business. It is an advantage to the retailer because

Irish economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Irish economy - Essay ExampleThis fall in GDP growth rate had been a second to a similar dip during the quaternionth quarter of 2009, which is why the nation feared the possibility of a double-dip recession (Breadun, OBrien & OBrien, 2010). Keynesian style stimulus piece of ground Keynes had mainly emphasized upon the implementation of demand triggering policies for an economic foster. However, a positive shift in aggregate demand is least possible when an economy follows a stringent budget regime as the case had been for the Irish economy. In fact, a stringent budget policy is one of the reasons why the economy could not surpass over its recessionary phase successfully that tended a come-back within a short span. This is one of the reasons, why Irish trade unions have stated that the previous austerity budgets have failed and hence, have proposed that a Keynesian style stimulus package be followed. The Keynesian model of equilibrium proposed the following identity to equate agg regate national income, Y, with components of aggregate demand as follow Y ? C (Y T) + I + G + (X M(Y)) Where, Y = National Income, T = substance tax being paid. Hence, (Y T) = Disposable Income C = Consumption Expenditure, I = Investment Expenditure, G = Government Expenditure, X = Aggregate Export Revenues M = Aggregate Imports Thus, four ways through which a stimulus package could be constructed to ensure an economic boost are as follows Firstly, Keynes had advised a stimulus to be provided to the investors of the economy so that they should come forward and venture investment projects which could help in creating employment opportunities and thus, boost consumption demand through positively affect the production of...Firstly, Keynes had advised a stimulus to be provided to the investors of the economy so that they should come forward and venture investment projects which could help in creating employment opportunities and thus, boost consumption demand through positively affecting the production of output. Secondly, the government could actually make tax relaxations to motivate people to consume more as they volition be left with larger disposable income volumes. Greater the disposable income is, higher will be the consumption expenditure of the people and thus, higher will be the income generation in the economy. Thirdly, the national government must not make deductions in its own expenses and rather boost them which could actually result to increases in the aggregate demand of the economy and thus, its income level. This is starkly in contrast to the measures adopted by the Irish government which is that of restricting its budget expenditures or rather restrict it more. Lastly, the national government could also make adjustments in its rate of exchange so as to positively influence the demand for exports and negatively affect entailment demands. For instance, an economy amidst a recession could choose to depreciate its domestic currency so that the foreigners find it more and more lucrative to increase their purchases from the country in question, while the domestic people are back off from importing from nations which have a dearer currency.

Article Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Assignment - Essay ExampleIn twenty four hours, nearly everything valuable had been removed. Later casual hooliganism began, with windows being shattered, and parts torn apart. The car became a playing ground for kids (Wilson &Kelling, 1982). Simultaneously, the car in Palo Alto, California stayed intact for over a week. When Zimbardo went up and by choice shuttered a part of it using a sledgehammer, soon after, onlookers began to join in for the vandalism. In a few hours, the vehicle had been spun upside down as well as completely vandalized. In both places the vandals seemed respectable, well dressed clean-cut whites. It is deemed that within a neighborhood like Bronx wherein history of property forsaking as well as theft are much more prevalent, destruction can take place very rapidly since the neighborhood sends proscribed a no one cares vibe. Related events can take place within any civilized neighborhood once communal barricades- the feel of correlative obligations and regard of civility-are let down by actions, which suggests no one cares. An effective stratagem for vandalism prevention is to fix problems while they are minimal. Repair a broken window within a brief time and the inclination is that miscreants are less likely to smash more windows. Clean-up the sidewalk daily, and the inclination is for garbage not to amass. ... Additionally, taking a property that does not belong to you is equal to stealing even though the property does not have the owner. Another switch over to the policy within neighborhoods and public schools is that people should be encouraged to report to the police any properties that are left untended. Such changes would be productive because they result aid in preventing people from committing activities that denotes that crimes such as vandalism are not illegal. The changes to the policies will impart new attitudes and moral practices that deter people and recent people in engaging in illegal activities. The cha nges to the policies will be difficult to enact in an already established culture that dictates that any neglected properties belongs to everyone and any can do as they please with such a property (OMalley,2007). References Chappell, A. &Lanza-Kaduce, L. (2004). Integrating sociological research and theory with community-oriented policing Bridging the gap between academics and practice. diary of Applied Sociology/Sociological Practice, 21(6), 80-98. Kelling, G. & Moore, M. (2008).The evolving strategy of policing. Perspectives on Policing. 4. Retrieved November 21, 2008 from US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice, http//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/114213.pdf OMalley,T.J. (2007). Managing for ethics A mandate for administrators.FBI legal philosophy Enforcement Bulletin, 66(4).Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194/is_n4_v66/ai_19569535/ Shevory, T. (2003). Organizational structure in American police agenc ies Context, complexity, and control. A book review.Albany Suny Press, 13(8), 287. Retrieved November 17, 2008 from

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Government - Essay ExampleAlso, according to Penalties for White Collar Crime (2012), In addition to criminal penalties, many snow-white collar offenses may give rise to civil lawsuits, brought either by the federal or state government, or by the victims of the offense. Any civil liability imposed as a result of these suits is in addition to, and not a substitute for, the penalties imposed in the criminal case (pgh. 1). It is almost sealed that this accountant exit face state charges. Criminal federal charges may or may not be brought, depending upon the amount of the funds, and from where the funds were allegedly taken. These factors will determine what jurisdiction federal authorities will have in comparison with the local authorities. Of course, the defendant will not necessarily be charged with a felony depending upon how much notes was allegedly embezzled. For example, in the state of Wisconsin, amounts of $2500 and up are considered felonies, while lesser amounts are cons idered misdemeanorsso it really depends how much money was allegedly

Dell Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

dell Inc - Case Study ExampleDell has successfully entered the Chinese securities industryplaceplace and holds 7% of the market. Dell is forth in sales in China followed closely by IBM and Hewlett-Packard. Dell lags behind Legend, Founder, and Tongfang. Dells greatest challenge has been competition from local venders who can market a ingathering at a fairly low price.Corporate governance consists of a board of directors. The board has several committees with a disparate board member chairing each. The mesa of Directors is responsible for oversight of and supervision of the overall affairs of the company (Dell, 2007). Dells Asia Pacific Region President is Bill Amelio and Kevin Rollins is the CEO.The Dell Executive Leadership Team is chaired by Michael Dell. Mr. Dell founded the company in 1984 with $1000 and big ideas. He leads a team of 13 other highly qualified executives that share the same goals and objectives for Dell. Mr. Dell and his team have been exceedingly successful building the company and expanding its business to the global marketplace. Dells leadership has do it a competitor in the Chinese market.The market for computer products and services in China is very competitive. With the large increase in ownership of computers has come an increased usage of the internet. As China moves to seize tariffs on computer products the demand for these products will rise. Chinese businesses and individual consumers will continue to seek out and buy these products.B./C. Industry Environment/Summary of external ForcesThe computer industry is full of potential competitors. With Chinas withdrawal of tariffs and barriers to trade the market in China for personal computers and components will be more and more competitive. The market remains competitive in China because, in addition to brand name computers, the market includes clones (generic non branded computers) that can be purchased at lower prices. before long Dells sales in China make up only 10% of its overall sales. U.S. sales are at about 69% of overall sales. Dells study competitors in China are Legend (27% of market share), Founder (10% of market share) Tongfang (8% market share), IBM (5% market share) and HP (3% market share). Dells current market share in China is 7%. With the raising of tariffs, Dell, and other foreign competitors, will be able to compete on a more level playing field of view for customers. III. Internal Environment (Strengths and Weaknesses)E. Corporate Structure and Corporate CultureThe company is lead by a board of directors. Each director provides oversight of different segment of Dell. Dells Asian Pacific Region is led by Bill Amelio. Dells Chinese market for personal computers uses the direct selling method that cuts out the middleman. The scrutinize system used by Dell is called the just in time model that keeps inventory levels at a 6-day supply rather than stocking up and having a larger inventory in the warehouses. Inventory is replenished as n eeded. Inventory costs are kept to a minimum thus Dell can belong on the savings to its customer. Chinese customers can expect Dells products to be lower priced than its competitors.F. Organizational Activities AnalysisDell uses a direct business model. The company has made it a

Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enterprise - Essay ExampleCustomer Segments Spotify.com operates on a multi-sided platform business model. This is because there is one customer segment supported by advertisers who are the main users. The unit serves two customer groups who are co-existent. Blecker (2012) affirms that they cede a symbiotic kind of a relationship whereby Spotify.com offers a proposition for them both. For the user, their main expectation is to get some spectacular music to listen to and an fall out of this world musical experience. The advertiser is always looking out for an audience to promote the product. This is spotify.com offers to the broad consumer base at no cost whatsoever. b. Companys value proposition According to Clark, Osterwalder, & Pigneur (2012), Spotify.coms value propositions are advertising for those who want to know about the nature of the business. For those who want to access the music freely can get free unautomated access to the music via downloadable links that are offered at no cost whatsoever. ... They subscribe to the downloadable music services hence performing as the main source of revenue for the company. The website and the social media i.e. facebook and twitter are also used for internet marketing. Facebook works best as the company flub a whopping 1,000,000 fans. Facebook usually reaches the explicit core of the youths who comprise our largest customer base (Porterfield, Khare, & Vahl 2011). This s being integrated with customer routines by awarding the highest subscribing consumers with paying for their monthly subscriptions. d. Customer Relationships According to Dunford (2011), spotify.com customer relationship mainly comprise of the online communities since they are the ones who use the service more than any other residential area does. 3rd party Programmers, which include marketing companies, also make a segment of the customer relationship. These marketing companies are accessed online since we have automated online relationships whe reby the music may be accessed globally. The customers make subscriptions to our music where subscriptions cost vary depending on the high and low seasons of the business. Conversely, the cost for the service depends on the amount that was used for advertising, bandwidth, plus the salaries and royalties. e. revenue enhancement streams Hesselbach and Hermann (2011) said that the revenue streams in from advertising fees, subscription fees for the pc, and subscriptions for the pc and mobile. The customers are able to pay for their monthly subscription fees through credit cards and PayPal. For the annual subscribers, we offer them a twenty percent discount. This revenue streams significantly foot salaries, advertising costs, bandwidth fees and the royalties to the right holders. f. Key Resources According to

Accounting and the Public Sector - Who Measures What and Why Literature review

Accounting and the Public Sector - Who Measures What and Why - Literature review ExampleThere has been a shift in the emphasis of the control from surgical operation and input to output control. The capital punishment orientation is one of the major elements in the new(a) commonplace watchfulness concepts and the explicit standards for the surgery measuring rod are seen to upkeep this diffusion of new concepts. This study aims towards conducting a literature review of accountability in public sector. Catasus and Gronlund (2005) have conducted research on the accountability and measurement on the Swedish Armed Forces. There is a scale down observed in the Swedish public sectors and they are aiming to create a comparison with the other European nations. New ideologies and organizational forms are replacing the welfare state, which emphasizes on the probity, process and managerial accountability. This dismantling of the division between the private and public allows the privat e sector discourses to be informed to the public administrative practices. Reinvent is the recent effort taken by the government in emphasizing the component part played by measurement system in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the governmental operations. However, the fundamental question still remains there, that is, whether the notion of accountability and performance management, which is followed in the private sector, is applicable to the public sector. This indicates towards the fundamental differences that exist between the public and the private sector. In recent years advanced growing system and performance enhancement methodologies were implemented in the public sector, which showed higher degree of accountability. Therefore, the main aim of the research was to conduct an analysis of the changing accountability by evaluating the changes in the measurements. Thus, the study focused at the relationship between accountability and measurement by highlighting on the measurement. Another study regarding the unplanned or intended outcome of performance measurement in the public sector was conducted by Adcroft and Willis (2005). In this context the study highlights on the regimes of performance management that fits to the purpose of the public sector and the intended outcomes for the public services and the workers of the public sector of the performance measurement system. The key issues that are answered by the research is that capability or the text of performance management in the public sector with examples specific to the higher education and healthcare the intended outcome and the limitation of the performance management system. While most of the literatures have emphasized on the introduction of accounting system in the public sector organization of the developed countries that would manoeuver to organizational and cultural exploration, the research scholars Ballas and Tsoukas (2004) has raised the question regarding why the account ing system are not used in public bureaucracies, which should have implemented much before. In order to find the answer of this question, the study has focused on the absence of accounting and lack of systematic measurement in a public bureaucracy. The study has explored and explained the absence of developed accounting system in the Greek National Health System and compared with the Greek political system. The paradigm of the new public management is based on the central belief that the public service organizations should not only be accountable to the fiduciary matters but should be accountable to the objectives and the efficiencies too. A cluster of administrative

Ecosystem Succession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecosystem age - Essay ExampleThe Classical model of ecological succession shows that the structural complexity and organization of an ecosystem increase and advance over time as succession progresses. The natural cycle of progression according to this model is shown below.The model preceding(prenominal) shows the natural cycle of progression of an ecosystem. The early successional stage is characterized by a few pioneer species and net community production is greater than respiration. The next good stage shows an increase in species diversity, biomass, nutrients, food chains, and net production is equal to respiration. The succession slows down when it reaches equilibrium at the level of climax community.Autogenic Succession is self-driven, resulting from the interaction between organisms and their environment. There are two types of autogenic succession. Primary Succession occurs on virgin or newly formed substrates, such as lava flows, alluvial deposits, newly exposed rock fac es and glacial moraines. (Mackenzie, Ball and Virdee 2001) the Glacier Bay and Krakatau sequences are examples of Primary Succession. Secondary succession occurs on disturbed ground where vegetation cover has been disturbed by external environmental factors like humans, animals or by fire, wind, floods.Succession from bare moraine to mature coniferous timberland has been shown in areas leftover bare by the retreating ice in Glacier Bay, South East Alaska. This is a prime example of primary succession. Current estimates have shown that it takes 250 years for mature forest to develop from bare moraine. (Packam, Harding, Hilton, Stuttard 1992) The process involves small town of the nutrient poor clay by mosses and shallow-rooted herbaceous species like mountain avens (Dryas sp.). These early species alter the soil conditions facilitating the colonization by new species. Nitrogen fixation is a free process in succession. Litter accumulation helps in soil growing, which aids coloniza tion by shrub and eventually tree species like Cottonwood and Hemlock. Marble is present in the area and the soil parent material shows a pH of 8.0 - 8.4. The development of Sitka Alder has a strong acidifying effect leading to a fall in pH from 8.0 to 5.0 approximately within 30-50 years. Alder nodules also fix atmospheric nitrogen, and the increase in nitrogen values of the soil is crucial to the initial establishment of Sitka Spruce. The Spruce eventually displaces the Alder, and it leads to a mature Sitka Spruce-Hemlock forest. In another 1250 years, the mature forest changes to Sphagnum-dominated muskeg bog in suitable sites. KrakatauAnother example of Primary Succession is the Krakatau group, which lies over an orogenic hot spot in between Java and Sumatra. later the explosion in 1883, the present successional sequence was started on Rakata, and the smaller islands of Rakata Kecil and Sertung. Here volcanic ash sterilized the whole area. But the successional sequence, which started with a few blades of crazyweed on Rakata in 1884, has led to a lush tropical forest over the century. The pioneer species included

Gun Control Essay Example for Free

gunmanman Control EssayGun control has been a debat suitable issue for all whiles. This essay aims to put forward an argument against weapon control. The essay asserts that prevalence of gun control should not be a part of the society. Society should be against gun control because people should be able to protect themselves, the crime rate would decrease, and people have the right to bear arms.Discussion The controversy regarding the gun control is neither a new wiz nor particular to United States. Majority of the gun control legalitys make no demarcation between the citizens who ar law breakers and those who are law abiding.Gun control laws simply entail that anyone who possess a gun is likely to be a law breaker, which is merely not a case (Reynolds Caruth, pp. 01). The usance behind the gun control and gun crime laws is to avert the criminals from acquiring guns and utilize the guns they had acquired. However, the number of armed crimes as well as criminals has ampl ified during the time when gun control laws have thrived. It appears as if the actual results of gun control have not been the projected ones (Reynolds Caruth, pp. 02).Gun control laws restricts the ordinary citizens from possessing a gun, which implies that at the time of a criminal attack or a robbery, the citizen will not be likely to defend him or herself. The self defense survey conducted by Dr. Gary Kleeck shows that around 2. 1 million times, guns are used for self defense purpose in a year (Krouse, pp. 13). A gun control law will restrain the people from protecting themselves in case of a violent crime attack. This will enable the criminals to be more powerful and confident(p) while attacking people as people would not be armed.For instance pizza delivery boys keep guns to prevent themselves from being robbed. Thus, society should be against gun control because people have a right to protect and defend themselves. Imposing gun control laws do not reduce crimes. However, gu ns in the hands of those citizens who are law abiding and physically less strong than the criminals, are the best preventions for the crimes (Reynolds Caruth, pp. 02). Criminals are provoked by self-protection and guns can so be a disincentive. A majority of convicted American criminals have reported that they fear from attacking the victims who are armed.Their fear of encountering armed victims surpasses their fear of being caught by police (Lott, pp. 05). Robbers do not attempt to break into houses after midnight because of the probability of being shot. Thus, society should be against gun control because crimes will decrease. Keeping guns and using them for self defense is a right of the citizens as laid by the constitution. The constitution wants its citizens to possess guns in order to protect and defend themselves from the criminals or the totalism of their own government.Other than the constitutional right, self defense by keeping guns is also an inherent basic human right of the people (Reynolds Caruth, pp. 27-29). Therefore, society should be against gun control as people have a right to bear arms. Conclusion Most of the criminals acquire guns from illegal sources. Gun control laws therefore, are not able to restrict criminals. They only restrain law abiding citizens from possessing guns which increases the crime violence therefore, society should be against gun control because people should be able to protect themselves, the crime rate would decrease, and people have the right to bear arms.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn EssayThe Adventures of huckleberry Finn has been labelled as a dishonest figment. A dishonest tonic is an gamble level that involves an anti-hero or picaro who wanders around with no actual destination in mind. The picaresque novel has m each key elements. It must look at an anti-hero who is usually described as an underling(subordinate) with no coif in society, it is usually told in autobiographical straining, and it is potentially endless, meaning that it has no tight plot, but could go on and on. The Adventures of huckleberry Finn has moulded itself perfectly to all these essential elements of a picaresque novel. huck Finn is undeniably the picaro, and the river is his method of travel, as well as the way in which he wanders around with no actual destination. This is due to the occurrence that the river is in control and not huck. Furthermore, it is the picaresque style that has also aided in highlighting the escapades that hu ck experiences through his travels as those crucial to the novel, but also crucial to such a character as huckabackleberry Finn.Huck is the perfect example of a unseasoned boy with adventure on his mind, and frankincense the characterization of Huck as a picaro is done flawlessly. Additionally, as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn contains all the vital aspects of a picaresque novel and picaro hero, it is these crucial traits that mark it as one of Mark Twains to the highest degree successful novels, and one of the worlds most famous adventure stories. One of the most important aspects of the picaresque novel is the fact that it must contain a picaro, otherwise known as the anti-hero of the novel.Huck is obviously the picaro in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. A picaro is delimitate as, a low-born but clever individual who wanders into and out of various affairs of love, danger, and farcical intrigue. These involvements may take place at all social levels and typically prese nt a humorous and wide-ranging satire of a given society (The Gale Group). Huck fits this definition perfectly. Huck isnt accepted by society and doesnt still want to be. He is most comfort suitable out on his own in the frontier.Furthermore, when the Widow Douglas takes him in and tries to provide him with a good liveliness he doesnt want any part of it The Widow Douglas she took me for her son and allowed she would sivilize me but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow woman was in all her ways, and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. (194) Huck finds civilized life intolerable, but instead prefers to live the life of a free spirit, but he isnt able to do that when the Widow is trying to civilize him.The Widow wants to pour down Hucks lifestyle to match hers, but Huck poopt stand that type of life and resists it. Huck wants to keep his independence, and he be restves that the frontier is the only place where he can do that. Therefore, Hucks unaccepted presence in society, and his unwillingness to fit in is one that proves his existence as a picaro in the picaresque novel. another(prenominal) characteristic of the picaro is the fact that he is a wanderer, which means that he is the type of character who roams from place-to-place with no set destination in mind.Hucks wandering occurs at bottom the form of his raft on the Mississippi river. The river is an important aspect of Hucks wandering because the river continuously replaces course, and there is no way for Huck to direct the river and his raft. If Huck passes a place or location there is no way for him to turn the raft around, but instead he has to continue on down the river. An example of this is when Huck and Jim pass Cairo, which was the one specific destination they had in mind because its where Jim would have been free, It wouldnt do to take to the shore we couldnt take the raft up the stream, of course.There warnt no way but to wait for dark and start back in the canoe and take the chances (314). In other words, the river basically has a life of its own, and thusly Huck and Jim have to abide by the rivers rules. Another important fact regarding the picaro as a wanderer is the notion that he will diversity as a result of his travels, the main character often grows intellectually and morally through his various encounters on the path of his journey (Bibliomania).Hucks character advances passim the novel from that of a boy to one that can be externalizen as something closer to a man. Huck begins to have a conscience, which proves that he is beginning to mature because he begins to actually think about things, and care about them. Hucks maturation can be observed in the scene where he chooses to tell bloody shame Jane the truth about the two men posing as her uncles, I got to tell the truth, and you want to brace up, Mi ss Mary, because its a bad kind and passing to be hard to take, but there aint no help for it (420).Hucks maturation is evident here because he cant stand to see Mary Jane and her sisters cheated of the currency they deserve, and so happy because their uncles are back when in reality theyre only frauds. Hucks conscience continues to bother him until he tells Mary Jane the truth, and then it is apparent that Huck is maturement as a result of his travels because his conscience begins to affect him, forcing him to show that he is a good and kind-hearted individual. A picaro is often defined as someone who isnt rattling honest, or straightforward, but instead is something more of a liar.More often than not a picaro has been brought up by a dishonest and unloving family, and therefore has no traditional values. Hucks father was a drunkard, and treated Huck as if he owned him, instead of as a son. Furthermore, Hucks father never acted manage a father figure to Huck at all, but inst ead was cruel and unreliable. Moreover, because of his upbringing Huck had no one to teach him any values, and thus he created his own value system, which was the opposite of the social norm. For example, Huck lied his way through his travels and adventures.His first major lie and the beginning of his adventure was theatrical production his own murder, which enabled him to escape his father. In addition, whenever Huck and Jim met other people along their way some kind of lie always popped out of his mouth. To illustrate this shew is the scene where Huck comes along two men in a boat, and Huck wants to surrender Jim, but a fib comes out instead, I wish you would, says I, because its pap thats there, and maybe youd help me tow the raft ashore where the light is. Hes sick-and so is mam and Mary Ann (310).Huck doesnt even have to think about how to lie because it just happens without any real thought involved. Huck constantly changes his name in his lies. Hence, it is so natural for Huck to lie that it becomes difficult for him to keep interbreed of the names he calls himself within his lies. His lies extend to the point of posing as a young girl to an old woman, but he mixes his names up and is caught in the lie Well, try to remember it, George. Dont forget and tell me its Elexander before you go, and then get out by saying its George Elexander when I catch you.And dont go about women in that old calico. You do a girl tolerable poor but you might fool men, maybe. (262) Fortunately for Huck, the old woman is a kind-hearted one and lets him go on his way without any real questions. However, one of Hucks major lies occurs during his time with the Duke and the King. They pull a stunt where they charge people to play along them do a revival of a play, despite the fact that they nevertheless know the play or are by no means actors. Consequently, they barely escape from the town on the third night with the money that they hadcheated the townspeople of.Thus, there were many instances where Huck lied and cheated his way through his various encounters and experiences, which ties him in perfectly with the typical picaro stereo-type. A picaresque novel is generally told in autobiographical form. Huck is the narrator within The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and thus is speaking from the first person point-of-view. This is largely associated with the fact that although Huck tells terrible lies and does some terrible things, it is impossible for the readers not to like Huck.Huck tells the story from his own point-of-view, which enables the readers to see things through Hucks eyes. Huck will explain why hes doing something, and because the readers get Hucks explanation and thoughts on it, it is easy to understand and accept it. Hence, it is easy for the readers to side with Huck. Furthermore, because Hucks thoughts are known the readers are able to see and accept that more often than not Huck actually has a good background for the things he does. One important notion is the fact that Huck does have a good heart, and this is because Hucks adventure is largely due to keeping Jim in force(p) and free.The readers are able to see Hucks thoughts on Jim and how he truly does care about him and his freedom, and this makes Huck a good person with a large heart, despite the way hes acted at certain times. In addition to Huck being the narrator is the fact that the story is not only told through Hucks eyes, but also through his own language.Its obvious that Huck isnt the most meliorate person, but because the novel is told through Hucks own language it makes the novel all the more realistic to the readers. It is easier to see the story through Huck when the argot he uses is also incorporated into the novel.The fact that Hucks slang became a part of the story as well only served to further root Huck as a believable and more realistic character. Furthermore, Hucks accent became a part of the dialogue in order to define him as a lud icrous character within the novel, one on which the novel was centred on. Hucks accent marks him as a true adventurer, and as someone who truly does prefer the frontier to civilization. For example, if Twain had invented Huck without an accent then his believability as an adventurer wouldnt have seemed quite so real.If Huck had traveled down the river void of his accent or slang then he would not have seemed the true loner and adventurer that Twain made him out to be, which is because he would have spoken in the same educated manner that any well-brought up boy would have.Thus, Hucks slang is as much a part of his lifestyle as it is him. Consequently, it is these combined facts of Hucks first-person narration, the readers ability to see everything hes thinking, and the slang that is incorporated into his dialogue that truly marks Huckleberry Finn as a adventurer, but more importantly as an autobiographical character in a picaresque novel.A story that has been defined as picaresque, such as The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn can also be said to be potentially endless. A picaresque is often described as an adventure story, and thus if a novel is an adventure story then there really is no reason for the adventures to end. A picaresque is said to be potentially endless because it has no tight plot that has to end at a given time. Instead, the plot can change and continue on into infinity. Another literary term for a picaresque being potentially endless is called beads-on-a-string.It is like a yarn, and there is no comminuted moment when the story starts to wind down and close, but instead there is always an opportunity to keep the story going. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the perfect example of this.The entire story is centred on Huck and Jims adventures down the river. Huck is running away from his father, and Jim is running away from the possibility of being change down the river because hes black, and therefore a slave. Huck and Jims adventures do ev entually come to an end, but only because Mark Twain decides to end it, not because it has to end.There is no tight plot structure, such as a need for a climax and falling action because these could easily be taken out allowing Huck to continue telling his story, and the reader would never be any the wiser. Furthermore, there is no exact spot in the story where the reader thinks that the story should begin to wind down, and this is because it is a young boys adventure story. Hucks characterization only works because of the age his character represents. Huck represents eternal boyhood, and thus his adventures can also be seen as eternal.Therefore, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a story that can be potentially endless due to the fact that it is a young boy telling the story who experiences a life of adventures, and there is no reason why those adventures should have to end at any specific time. A picaresque story often involves a picaro that has some kind of sidekick along with him. In the case of Huckleberry Finn, Jim is his sidekick. The sidekick is someone who is a part of the adventure, but isnt seen as the main character, and thus more often than not the readers dont know the sidekicks views or thoughts, or what is known is very limited.Jim is Hucks sidekick, and although Hucks own adventure actually began because he was running away from his father, Jim is the reason that the adventure took the path it did. Jim didnt want to be sold to a slave buyer so instead of taking the chance of being sold he ran away, which is how he came to be Hucks sidekick. They both ran away from contrary things, and accidentally, but fortunately found each other, Pretty soon he gapped and stretched himself and hove off the blanket-and it was Miss Watsons Jim I bet I was glad to see him (239).Huck wanted to keep Jim safe and so they decided to go to Cairo where Jim would be free from slavery, en I hear ole missus tell de widder she gwyne to make out me down to Orleans, b ut she didn want to, but she could git eight hundd dollars for me, en it uz sick a big stack o money she couldn resis (242). Jim became Hucks sidekick archaean on in the adventure, and thus the real adventure only began once Jim had become a part of it. However, although it is Hucks adventure, and Jim is Hucks sidekick, the actual adventure itself is about keeping Jim safe and free.Furthermore, both Huck and Jim are running away because they want freedom. Huck wants to be free from his father, and Jim wants to be free from slavery, but by the end of the novel the irony is that Hucks father is dead, and the Widow has set Jim free within her will. Thus, it is Jim that further proves the sidekick mentality within a picaresque novel, and within The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn contains all the elements that any picaresque novel should. Huck Finn is the picaro and alongside him is his sidekick Jim.The adventures that these two encounter along their journey is pure proof of what elements a picaresque novel should include, from duplicity and cheating to wanderers along a river, to the changes that occur as a result of these adventures. Huck has all the characteristics that a typical picaro or anti-hero should have. Hes dishonest, prefers the frontier to civilization, and hes the narrator of the novel making it in autobiographical form. Therefore, all the aspects within TheAdventures of Huckleberry Finn cement it together to further root it as a picaresque novel with a unique and yet solid picaro as the main character.

The Effects of Technology on Decision Making Essay Example for Free

The Effects of engine room on Decision Making EssayComputer dusts are one behavior that wellness forethought providers have integrated engineering science into the medical field. Each calculating machine system is unique, yet all have a purpose, function and structure. decision making what calculating machine system to choose, what software programs to control and what the computer is needed to do are just a few burdens that have to be weighed when deciding which is surmount suited for the health handle organization. Many health take organizations elect to incorporate decision give systems.Decision support systems have been in increase long-suffering quality of care, increasing positive persevering outcomes and decreasing the potential of medical errors. Bar coding, robotics, interactive websites, electronic medical records, and e-scribing are just a few advances in technology. Advances in software, hardware, and networking all share putting green impact attri butes in their ability to improve cost-effectiveness of care, quality of care, and access to care (Nobel Norman, 2003). With these attributes, the benefits are many in assisting with decision making in all aspects of health care.A discussion on the DIK Mode The key to the complex relationship between data, in fashionation, and acquaintance lies at the source of data and training. The source of data and information is dual activities, and situations. Both activities and situations produce information (e. g. , relevant meaning to someone) that is captured, thus becoming data, or becomes unaware. The key to understanding the relationship between information and knowledge is to know where the information resides. Recollect that information is at its soul message that is generated from activities and situations.However, information resides in storage media (e. g. , database, print, video tapes, etc. ) in the form of data, or in the human mind as knowledge (in its simplest form of kno w-what or the higher forms of know-how and know- wherefore). If this is the case, whence extend between data and information in association with information and knowledge becomes evident, e. g. , they occupy different space at the same time. This also explains why many distinguish data and information, as well as information and knowledge as well suited. one mans data merchant ship be another mans knowledge, and vice versa, depending on context (Stewart, 2002, p. 6).However, they are not exchangeable in terms of their accepted distinct definitions. So, what is a book knowledge, information or data? It is all the above in various context. A book is knowledge from the authors perspective, information for the be reader, and data as well which is contained in a storage media (called book). A discussion of systems and informatics theories Direct communication represents an information wait oning institution of systems.Systems have been designed to provide access to data, information , and knowledge for use by entertains in a multifaceted and culturally diverse world. A system is delimitate as a series of well designed mechanism connected by communication links exhibiting resolute, goal directed behavior (King, 1996 p. 61). A common language among nurses worldwide would describe the categories of various systems wherever they occur. Nurses are becoming more knowledgeable of the technologies offered as health care organizations across the world incorporate technology into their practices.Considering the nurse has the responsibility of the majority of the accompaniment, it is important to incorporate aspects of treat classification systems to help with decision making. The transaction Process in Kings theory when used in interdisciplinary teams facilitates mutual goal-setting with patients based on each member of the teams specific knowledge and functions. This often facilitates surgical operation similarity and respect for the knowledge, skills, and values each member brings to the situation.An example of the usefulness of the nursing process, as process in technology use is the documentation of the nursing process in the computerized healthcare record. Information technology has enabled healthcare organizations to function as incorporated healthcare delivery networks, improve quality, and become socially and environmentally responsive (Davenport, Jarvenpaa, Beers, 1996 Tapscott Caston, 1993). Nursing data must be included in computerized information systems in organizations or the nurses documentation becomes invisible.The nursing process is much broader than locomote, the nursing process is an international method to use the disciplines body of knowledge organized in the structure of theory and nursing and nursing classifications. With emerging technology, and the integration of software applications, the ability to incorporate the nursing process and other health care information into a digital system has become a reality. As t echnology advances, incorporation of decision support systems also advances. The use of expert systems and decision support systems further the ability for technology to engage in decision making.The role of expert system in nursing care and medicine Expert systems in medicine are computer programs that make human based decisions by copying the judgments and behavior of humans, based on knowledge and experience from previous diagnosis and investigation derived from treatment and long care of patients with similar conditions as the present. That is why expert system is referred to as knowledge- base information system. The expert system is an artificial intelligent branch of computer generated thought with a very narrow focus.It is used in health care because the system functions very well with specific activities or problems and a distinguishable database of digitalized facts, rules, cases and models. Using patient data, its incorporated knowledge base, its inference engine, and t he expert system behind derive specific advice related to the case being treated. Expert systems essentially act as if a Doctor or Nurse would, when they make a decision on courses of treatment. Diagnosing, predicting, interpreting and instructing are four interactive roles that form the activities of the expert system. The use of decision aids and decision support systemsDecision support systems usually have numerous functions when used in hospital or healthcare settings. They are mostly used in specific decision-making activities. Decision support system relies on computer hardware, software and information for effective function. They can be used as knowledge-based and also as non- knowledge -base. One of its functions is administrative, in which they help in documentation of clinical information, decide whether a procedure is appropriate for treating a certain condition, and decide if a referral is necessary, to whom or where, and make follow-ups on the referrals.They help in keeping patients on protocol in situations identical chemotherapy treatment or just research. Decision support systems also help in tracking orders whether medical or external shipments. They are very effective in avoiding mis come acrosss such as scheduling unnecessary tests. Most importantly, Decision support systems help in making the right diagnosis, providing different treatment options and suggesting the discontinue option, and help look after the patients and hospital population as a whole.Decision aids are mostly used in helping the patient or care-giver decide which treatment is best for the condition being considered. Decision aids can also be used in referrals of patient to nurse call-centers or patient education services available. In the future decision support system will incorporate four criteria robustness, ease of control, simplicity, and completeness of relevant detail. Reusability will be proficient through some type of software or hardware role model in complia nce to Alters model, enabling companies to take benefit of basic, generalized models common to a range of scenarios.The history of Decision Support Systems is a short one, making it easy to map out the steps and growth of this relatively new concept. Even small improvements to current systems will enable all companies to make improved decisions about the marketing of products, which will in the long run aid the economy as a whole by placing in it only the most desirable and successful products. A framework that represents the backbone of decision support system will enable companies that would not normally work together on marketing concepts to bring together their efforts.The plaza system will progress to one that will in real meaning constantly learn from past practice. The uses of technology for patient and client attention Technology for patient and client likement is changing the health care system daily. Informatics is a specialized computer science used to manage informati on technology. Most healthcare settings have IT departments, yet nurses need to be able to use and retrieve valuable patient information to give patient care. Electronic medical records, also known as EMR, are the most recent and largest application of technology in the health care field.The use of EMR allows for documentation and a more cohesive interdisciplinary care plan for the patient. Another popular trend in healthcare is to have an integrated EMR with other aspects of patient care including patient appointments, assessments, billing and personal information, and other outpatient tests. Within this integrated patient record, a computer can keep documentation of many areas of a patients care can provide easy access to the records from any place to any medical personnel.Technology such as this decreases the gaps in medical care the time spent on documentation, and reduces medical errors. This in turn saves money for health care providers. Another form of technology that is used in patient care is the internet. It can be used for retrieval of data for patient education. The internet can be used to search multiple sources of information with qualification. The biggest fretting with the use of the internet is that the electronic source must be evaluated for credibility and reliability.The internet is allows for quick communication amount healthcare professionals to enhance collaboration and coordination of care (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). An analysis of the effect of technology on health care and health status The medical care field is allowing expanding technology of the twenty-first century to be integrated into patient care. Technology has allowed surgical procedures to be simplified, patients recover quicker, and fewer complications occur. This also decreases the length of stay for a patient and therefore decreases medical costs.Technology has also made it possible for a patients medical history to be all in one spot, accessible for all members of the health care team, and from any area of the world. The use of technology advances have resulted in better health care delivery and patient outcomes. As health care organizations integrate ethnology into their daily practices, they are faced with many complexities. DIK models, health informatics systems, and decision support systems must be created to improve patient care, increase efficiency among health care staff, decrease costs or be cost-effective, and increase positive patient outcomes.Decision making technology, such as decision support systems, must meet timelines, objectivity, have the ability to integrate with other software applications, have boundaries, and be able to prioritize information and gathered data. The quantity and complexity of decisions faced by the health care executive demand standardized decision processes (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). Efforts to improve the quality and value of health care are increasingly emphasizing a critical role for the meaningful use of clinical decision support systems.The use of health information technology (HIT), health information systems (HIS), electronic medical records (EMR), electronic health records (EHR), and Pyxsis systems are just a few computer software programs that integrate DSS to provide supportive tools to assist health care providers in clinical decisions. Conclusion Technology will continue to change. It is important for health care organizations to embrace these changes to better the delivery of medical care. As technology advances, the ability for health care consumers to gain a better understanding of their diagnosis and treatment options, such as the internet, also advances.Patients are expecting smart service, use of the best technology, and are choosing health care facilities based on how advanced technologically the facility is. The decision support technologies will assist the doctors and other medical staff to be able to provide faster responses and increase patient satisfaction.

Globalisation and the Global City

globalisation and the Global CityIntroductionGlobalization, it is not a new phenomenon (Stead, 2012) but has massive influenced in the late twentieth century around the world, which has strongly furbish uped on urban system in Europe, economics, political, cultural, surroundingsal dimensions. People speculate and make hypothesis around world-wideisation is related to scrap of cities with strong economic, innovative and creative ideas or structure on urban center prep. Most of researches about competitive metropolis are premised on cities do compete to each other, however, few scholars do question about it. What is competitiveness? Is it comparison with others? What aim do they want to achieve?Definition of competitivenessThe definition of competitiveness is unalike in several aspects. For companies, it is ability to produce products and service to meet the needs of customers and make maximum profit. For nations, it is degree to extend peoples income and keep harmony of c ountry with specific conditions within the world (OECD, 1994). For cities, it is an ability to generate better life, better goods, and better investment (Oyelaran-Oyenika, 2013).Competition is everywhere, but to what extent dope be defined as competition surrounded by cities. It is hard to clearly contend and signalise do cities or regions compete, in terms of different dimensions of definition in competition, and different contentions. The competition is between nations- states or cities and regions? It is hard to clarify which ace is it, fire the competition between cities be the one within states? capital of the United Kingdom as a city usually presents as United Kingdom in global ranking. Such as in wealth of country ranking, technically, or so of GDP are from capital of the United Kingdom, which literally can present United Kingdom.This paper is to discover whether cities or regions compete to each other or not, and what do they compete for. Generally, at that place are two different criteria economics aspect, and origination or creativity. To question is global city can present competitive city? slightly emerging challenges from globalization, technology changes, new economy, demographic density, and uncertainty for cities and regions.Cities compete?Very few studies have showed cities dont compete. Krugman (1995) contends that cities and regions do not compete to each other, they are palm for companies to compete for innovative and creative people and market. Nevertheless, Porter (2016), has argued that cities compete to each other. Cities compete in different ways from state-nations, they dont compete to decoy trading or assert the territory, which nations-states do. Moreover, it is not like business competition, cities competition doesnt concentrate on any single object to make the maximum profit. They do compete monetary resource from government, tourism, population of the city, wealth, employment, investment and good reputation across the country or within the world (Begg, 1999 Saez, 2015 Favero, 2016 Ratcliffe, 2006 Stewart, 1996). The prevailing urban policies are concentrated on hearty circumstances, affordable housing, for example, these are important for cities competitiveness (Porter, 1994). Such as, in UK, there was a competition for cities and towns, to elect the best city or town by dint of notable feature, significantly regionally/nationally, historical features and forward looking attitude (UK gov., 2001). The title from the competition may widen lots of effects for the city.battle of city is deemed slaying of city occasionally, and it can present quality of life (Begg, 1999 Rogerson, 1999). Production of city is dynamic measurement for citys competitiveness. The main key indicators of competitiveness economics, technological innovation, environment, global linkages, government management, and social cohesion (Ni, 2013). However, most of researches intensify on economics. In Faveros (2016) paper, he re ferred that hard economics, such as, cost of labour and employment rate of city are the most common hard economics factors to be discussed in citys competitiveness. When employment rate is higher than others may mean that the city is more competitive. On the contrary, open urban climate may influence competitiveness and is more like soft economics in urban development. Porter (1998) has stated that environment does affect cities competitiveness, economic extension or development may be solution for city germinateth. In the past, cities could compete for goods and services, due to the fast- changing environment, contemporary, people is polar element. Florida (2002) has built 3Ts model, which includes technology, talent and tolerance, these three factors tempt creative people flow into cities and trail citys growth. Additionally, Crossa (2016) has asserted that creative city is capable to attract all kinds of paid people turns to be more competitive in this world at present. Citi es which are more diverse and innovative may lead inflow of population. innovative and creative people are fundamental to cities and regions they are implements to interest firms and investment, lead success and economics growth for the areas (Paas, 2012).However, major competition in cities and regions is unclear or be demonstrated, there are multi- objectives in different areas to compete for, conversely, firms have clear single objective in competition- profits (Porter, 2016).Consequence from competition.Globalization is one of trends in governments, cities are facing some challenges about financial pressure, national security, institutional relations and role of government changing, environmental degradation, cultural and social changing, and lead to b effectuateless, increasing competition and cooperation within cities and regions (Ratcliffe, 2006). Cities can borrow successful ideas and practices from other cities done globalization (Stead, 2012). It may bring legislative an d administrative changes of localized institutions and policies, and turn on competitiveness in cities and regions. However, while competition is happening, cooperation is acting simultaneously, such as, INTERREG Programme it is facilitated cooperation by the EU with planners around Europe for their common development. In addition, cooperation between cities and regions can developed by making sister cities to build networking and promote cultural notions. Brakman (2015) claims that cooperation by having twinning cities can decrease transaction cost and significantly grow faster, which facilitate cities more competitive. Tosic (2007) also asserts that cooperation may lead stronger competitiveness and strategies of planning. Continuing from INTERREG Programme in Europe aids countries, cities, counties, or regions to address problems and derive experiences and harbour new approaches from others, also cope with variety of things from different fields. B-Team, it is one of projects fr om INTERREG Programme which is about development of brownfield before greenfield land as a principle of day-and-night growth in Belfast, it was involved 14 partners from 11 different countries ran for three years to regenerate brownfield to be more efficient for communities and aimed to help partners to break variation policies and developed integration of planning process. This project illustrates transferability by publishing to share with others who are interesting in it and may adopt it (B-Team, 2012). Significantly, it has great influence on investment. The participatory urban planning is a method to attract investors, stakeholders and actors to charm their interest and find out innovative solutions and procedures. Cooperation in this project do affect in regeneration process, and learn wider range of implements and manners, additionally, raising competitive in the city. Once city is more competitive, it possesses advantageous position in competitions.Competition between cit ies and regions has successfully attracted government and investors with forcing local institutions and governance to develop and reform (Lever, 1999). Competitive city generates economic growth and wealth with extending local market, creating opportunities and jobs for commonality, allocating more funds for infrastructures and planning (Oyelaran-Oyenika, 2013). be competitive attracts creative and innovative individuals and corporations gather. For example, in China, economic inflate has been lede strongly influence on construction, which causes more competition between cities. capital of Red China and Shanghai, two colossal cities were competing the opera houses, which was designed by famous French architect. Contemporary, these constructions have successfully attracted attendings, also brought enormous influence for city (Wyne, 2006). It may lead tourism growth, and economic growth indirectly. The competition can arouse faithfulness and pride of residents and people may under stand local authorities agenda better.Gospodini (2002) contends there are two parts of cities, which are opposite extremes in European urban system, metropolitan cities and smaller peripheral cities without indigenous resources for development. Rural regions may be more active to competition than urban regions, and try to stand out from it to get more opportunities for region and be more competitive to increase attention in certain competition. However, competition has driven by localized government and institutions, which may lead different results. The Three Sisters competition which is running within gray Ireland- Waterford, Kilkenny and Wexford, competing the title of European Capital of Culture 2020. The title may bring tourism growth for the county, which lead economic growth in rural and urban area of Ireland. The competition is taking place in 2015 and 2016, which is a longsighted-term form of planning, the result will be released in 2020. For years competing to each other , leading higher reputation and more well known, this title may bring growth of tourism and investment, having impact on economic growth. The reputation of the city would boom in the world, especially in Europe. City would have more funds from national government, retrieve local authorities with economic growth. In order to win the competition, local government may propose some policies for locuss development. There may be some special constructions or trading operations to stress on their characteristics, alteration heritages, or re-planning the place. However, there are some issues in rural area, three counties have limited fiscal resources and innovative ideas, which may cause passive operations on promoting. In Waterford city, for example, promotion flags of the competition are hung in city centre, but realistic situation is that few people have heard or weak understanding or confused about the aim of competition. There is no practical action to promote or implement it from lo calized government. This is a huge problem for regions outside metropolitan area. It is important to courage and regenerate area through central authoritys support on centralized or modify planning.Global citiesGlobal cities can be seen as competitive cities, which relate to different dimensions in economics, political, informative, cultural, societal, services concepts (Teece, 1990). The overall of global cities index in draw 25 is assumption of business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience and political engagement. The first bar chart below (Figure 1.1) displays that global elites are capital of the United Kingdom, new-fashioned York, and Paris which are hub of cultures, politics and economics with strong business activity and performance of labour, creativity (human capital). The top three have massive gap from furthest three in the ranking, in terms of strong business activities and performance of labour.Surprisingly, San Francisco and Boston ta ke place in top 5 of good performance of city (Figure 1.2) based on personal well- being, economics, innovation, and governance. Nevertheless, it stands out from other cities may due to endeavour and implementation on innovation. Conversely, Houston instead of Paris or capital of Japan squeezes into top 5 four out of five are cities from America, which can be presumed that America has advantageous position on economic and innovation in the world.These two bar charts prove that economic and innovation are the main reasons for city to be global city or competitive city.Figure 1.1 The concealment 25 Global Cities Index, Rank and ScoreSource A.T. Kearney, 2016 citied in Peterson, 2016, p2.Figure 1.2 The Top 25 Global Cities Outlook, Rank and Score Source A.T. Kearney, 2016 citied in Peterson, 2016, p2.Evolving challengesBeing ranked as a global city can be seen as a city with well competitiveness in environmental, political, spatial, social sites in order to further widen development. The competitive advantages have enormous influence on social welfare, politics position, public infrastructures, local services, financial support, media service, tourism planning, educational support and organization, international trading and may easily become headquarter of company or investment (Han 2005). Nevertheless, some issues and challenges have emerged, such as, new economy, technological changes, demographic density, urban design, and uncertainty (Ratcliffe, 2006).Globalization forces to transfer into new global economy, which may make different trends of competitiveness, politics, welfare, environment, investment and connectivity with others. To carter to sustain competitiveness, policies should be modified. Sometimes, planning policies hardly identify trends or require long-term periods to adapt it. While technological changes, informational functions are affected and implement of communication within cities and regions, jump on equipment may influence progress and se rvice. If city doesnt follow up technological changes, probably, it would lose competitive advantage in new era. Inflow of mi dish outs is phenomenon of competitive city, extension of population strongly impacts on urban planning, affordable housing, work opportunities, criminal issues, transportation, greenfield, environmental problems, public infrastructures, education, and quality of life. urban design and planning in competitive city consider about aesthetics objects, environmental dimension, political pressure, economic constraints, residential conditions. Approaches of planning are complex and uncertain, they suppose to adapt into dynamic changes, which means they should be creative and innovative strategies to prepare future changes.Evolving challenges from competition between cities and regions- Globalization is happening, transnational capital and international flows of labours are strongly influenced by it.ConclusionThe competition between cities and regions do happen, mea nwhile, so do cooperation. Both of them are crucial for cities to be global city. Many evidences demonstrate that cities and regions engage with competitiveness and cooperation (Tosic, 2007 Teece, 1990). The department of trade and industry of UK has published a report (2005) about the position in EU, and it clearly asserts that they do support the competition and open market in Europe in order to attract more creative people and investment, and reinforce on innovation and competition. The competition could encourage cities or regions have new ideas, moving forward, becoming different and better. There are more advantages than disadvantages in cities and regions competition, which brings diversity and implementation. If there is no competition between cities and regions, people dont want to move on, no motivation to improve or change themselves, and no city growth. Less opportunities for city, outflow of population, city will face recession. No one want to get better, city riding habit be better and wont catch the changing world and eventually, be deserted by the world. With competitiveness, cities have proven more successful in long term. However, competition and cooperation are acting simultaneously, both are crucial for city growth, it is important to find the balance of them.The solution for evolving challenges may be decentralized in urban area. 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