IDENTIFY THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Essay

IDENTIFY THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS WHICH MAY INDICATE THAT A CHILD OR YOUNG PERSON IS INJURED OR UNWELL. The child may complain to the teacher that they don’t feel well or they feel tired, the child’s appearance maybe they look tired, pale and worn out. Also the child may have a high temperature; the child doesn’t take part in any activities and the child keeps saying they want their mum or dad. The child vomits, coughs for a long period of time, refuses food, they become clingy, refuse to play with other children, withdrawn from others, diarrhoea and changes in usual behaviour. If these signs and symptoms do occur this shows that the child is unwell or injured. If the child is in this state it would be best to send the child home so it does not affect the other children. Also by doing this you would be giving the parent a chance to provide medical attention to the child which is what the child would need in this situation. IDENTIFY CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN CHILDREN OR YOUNG PEOPLE MAY NEED URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION If the child is passing out, unconscious, chocking, temperature is above normal body temperature-showing they have a fever, the child is finding it difficult to breath, a wound that won’t stop bleeding, a head injury with symptoms of concussion and if a child is having a fit. In some circumstances the child would have to be taken to the hospital with the parent if the child needs urgent medical attention, such as having a fit. These are all circumstances were child will need urgent medical attention. OUTLINE OWN ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE EVENT OF A CHILD OR YOUNG PERSON REQUIRING URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION If a child needs serious medical attention, you tell someone immediately and then do as you are told, that could be either staying with the child to comfort them or get a first aid box or call the ambulance and call the children’s parents. If the child has medicine that needs to be given to them at a certain time, you need their medicine to be prescribed by their doctor so that you are able to give them the medicine and the medicine needs to be kept refrigerated.

Perspectives On Managing And Organizing Education Essay

Experiential larning provides a phenomenon where direction as a acquisition procedure is applied for single workers, squad edifice and organisational constructions ( Bartik 2001 ) . It provides a holistic and dynamic attack in direction through entrepreneurial acquisition, scheme preparation, job resolution, decision-making and leading. Experiential acquisition as applied in direction has hence been instrumental in planing managerial instruction plans, developing and development. It is peculiarly important in determining the behaviour of persons with regard to existent experiences that they go through at their several workplace in relation to their personal ends and aims. Employees are motivated to work at the organisational degree by the grade to which their personal and calling aspirations are applied. The direction of different organisations hence needs to actuate their employees by making an environment that promotes their public assistance for the common benefit. The acquisition manners utilised towards beef uping direction in organisations benchmark both the experiences of directors and work force ( Brockett & A ; Merriam 2007 ) . It is every bit of import that personal acquisition manners are le in the procedure of geting dynamic cognition and preparation. Through entrepreneurial acquisition, cognition is acquired which is so complimented by the assimilating phases that includes scheme preparation. Entrepreneurial acquisition incorporates ways of working chances that are good to both workers and the direction. Persons are benefit from experiential larning in direction by constructing the capacity to place jobs in their lives after which declarations are designed to work out them based on the existent challenges that follow the implicit in experiences. In pull offing organisations, the leading seeks to work out jobs which interfere with the end product of their concerns. The acquisition styles that steer the procedure are benchmarked on a proper apprehension of the managerial behaviour, squad edifice and organisational construction. Individual are able of geting cognition through a careful observation of their experiences in add-on to their interaction with their milieus. Peoples are so in a place to measure their experiences in life in order to do of import determinations meant to work out their jobs. Since acquisition is a procedure of geting cognition, the procedure of interrogating day-to-day life experiences from the position of one ‘s ends and aims so invent his/her individuality consequently ( Moon, 2004 ) . Peoples are so directed in their lives by the subsequent picks that they make to react to the accompanying challenges. Experiential larning hence establishes an luxuriant agencies of transforming experiences into cognition which is appropriate to single aspirations. Learning in general seeks to enlarge the cognition base of information. This requires that the information is stored for future mention or otherwise memorized. The accomplishments and facts acquired during the learning procedure should authorise scholars in work outing their day-to-day jobs through using them suitably. Persons have a natural ability to larn from their experiences ( Griffin, 2003 ) . It therefore explores a method of obtaining information by larning from experiences. The cognition is so acquired and transformed to work out jobs that persons have every bit good as the environmental concerns. Experiential acquisition is a uninterrupted procedure that incorporates the experience with theory, contemplation every bit good as solutions. Experiential acquisition is based on the rule that persons learn better from their personal experiences. People ‘s actions in this theory are more of import than what they have been taught ( Moon, 1999 ) . It hence employs a learning procedure that is self fulfilling and gratifying in order for the scholars to confront the challenges suitably. It besides empowers the persons with the ability to go originative and advanced. The theory of experiential larning hence based on firsthand experience and observation. Contemplation in experiential acquisition is really critical ( Silberman, 2007 ) . I t provides the nexus between the existent life experiences and theoretical constructs. Participants in the acquisition procedure are given an chance to interact with each other with an purpose of larning from one another. An person is besides expected to measure his advancement within the squad with a position of developing oneself at the terminal. This is peculiarly utile larning since it equips persons with the possible to grok thoughts easy. This is due to the fact that workers are engaged in several activities at the same clip. As a consequence they require such group activities to animate their acquisition procedure with upper limit end product out of each session ( Hillier, 2002 ) . This is besides because the professionals are able to interact with the acquisition phenomenon firsthand from familiar experiences that could steer their contemplation. Both the content of the acquisition procedure and the relevant experience that is applicable to the scholar are explored. The immediate personal experience provides the foundation for acquisition because it provides a familiar relationship to the theoretical constructs being discussed. Any new thoughts being discussed can hence be verified against these known experiences for their cogency ( Brockett & A ; Merriam, 2007 ) . The experiences can besides be understood better through a witting contemplation. Experiential acquisition is typically a uninterrupted procedure that combines existent touchable experiences through contemplation to academic theories in order to calculate current and future events. This may include the procedure of larning about market and corporate kineticss for the end of forming and pull offing concerns. No instructor is involved but the scholar additions knowledge by interacting with the environment straight thereby being able to do personal finds without looking at others ‘ experiences ( Moon, 1999 ) . In order for the scholar to profit from this sort of exposure instruction, he/she should be able to take part proactively in the experience. Another basic constituent entails the scholar ‘s possible to reflect on each and every item of the experience ( Nasta, Gray & A ; Gray, 2000 ) . In order to grok the experience to the full, the scholar should possess critical fact-finding accomplishments in order to examine the issues being experienced. Then the scholar needs to hold the accomplishments to cover with hard scenarios every bit good as doing wise picks. This is really utile in authorising the scholar with the possible to work the experiences involved in existent life state of affairs. This becomes even more indispensable to directors and their subsidiaries alike who find the experiences a feasible resource stuff for mention when work outing daily jobs every bit good as doing life determinations. However, these experiences can be to the full utilized if they are understood within the context of formal larning otherwise general experiences may stop up being applied wrongly ( Doyle, MacDonald & A ; Leberman 2006 ) . Therefore experiential acquisition on its ain may take to generalisations, stereotypes and bias when scholars make decisions from their experiences. On the manus, experiential larning becomes really utile in assisting persons educate themselves about their best manner to run into personal demands, wants and demands through direct experience. Persons take parting in this sort of acquisition should possess personal enterprise and regular rating of their experiences in order to efficaciously prosecute in the procedure. The procedure requires that scholars at the inset set their ends and aims which are meant to steer them in measuring their experiences. Evaluation entails doing relevant observations, contemplation and the ultimate determination devising. There is besides a constituent of enjoyment in experiential larning characterized by athleticss and games ( Zounkova D, Franc & A ; Martin, 2004 ) . The serves to maintain the lessons obtained in the acquisition procedure for a good period of clip. The societal forums created by the athleticss encourage squad work, communicating and leading. When scholars are personally involved in the experiential acquisition procedure, they are able to appreciate their endowments and gifts within a communal and gratifying scene. As a consequence, those easing the experiential acquisition should be rather surpassing in footings of prosecuting the scholars in procedure to the full. This demands that the facilitator provides leading by active engagement every bit good as promoting the squad members to work the environment to the upper limit. They should brainstorm the heads of their co-workers to believe in tandem to the set ends and aims. Emphasis is hence put on an person ‘s personal growing and development through escapade in the mark environment ( Hillier, 2002 ) . The attack seeks to authorise the personal rational, emotional, physical and religious well-being. The person ‘s senses are put to pattern in the acquisition procedure prosecuting the encephalon, the eyes, the bosom, the lingua and the custodies. This means that the whole being of a individual is engaged in a holistic acquisition procedure. Persons so interact with each other constructing relationships and furthering character development and individualism. This signifier of acquisition is peculiarly effectual in grownup acquisition and direction. The grownups have fundamentally gained experience in the immediate yesteryear which is relevant in experiential acquisition procedure when covering with present challenges. Tangible experience is related to theoretical constructs through contemplation and dynamic tests ( Moon, 1999 ) . The grownup scholars utilize their immediate experiences through acute observation and brooding thought to pull relevant constructs about the past events in their finding of future programs. The four phases are integrated procedures that follow each other in the experiential grownup larning procedure. Learners are invariably involved in set uping personal experiences that are related to the current environment being evaluated within a societal cultural apparatus. This properly defines the best position to prosecute in womb-to-tomb learning procedure. It provides a forum for the grownups to develop the society through their personal experiences in position of the current challenges. Experiential acquisition besides provides an chance to develop the grownups ‘ callings after their formal acquisition in schools. Their work experience is peculiarly of import when seeking for publicities at their workplace and leading in the society as an chance to foster their callings. The procedure of experiential larning hence develops a individual ‘s overall mentality and societal relevancy. This manner of acquisition is really of import in finding the sequence of events in a peculiar state of affairs particularly when discoursing possibilities of work outing a job. From this form of events, a general shaping rule can be established to explicate the state of affairs ( Silberman, 2007 ) . The actions that characterize the response to the state of affairs and several other related events provide the implicit in rule. When a similar state of affairs arises or some other related scenario, this rule is applied in specifying the stairss which can be exploited to work out them within that context. This is an of import signifier of larning to grownups particularly those in direction places. This is because they are able to do wise judgements by transporting out a critical contemplation on issues based on old experiences in direction. The grownups are able to expect future results by linking similar actions that occurred in their past experiences at work or in societal forums. Despite of this baronial acquisition procedure, the generalisation of issues may take to erroneous decisions which could damage the credibleness and unity of peculiar cover determination devising processs ( Griffin, Holford & A ; Javis, 2003 ) . Above all, scholars in direction have their ain strengths and failings which they are familiar with. This when coupled to their ain experiences which they are easy for them to use, forms a comfy acquisition atmosphere to derive personal cognition. Management as a acquisition procedure besides exploits relevant experiences that are practical in nature such as the application of larning manners by portfolio directors in investing banking. The implicit in attack seeks to analyze the mode in which the portfolio directors are able to use the subsequent job resolution and determination devising accomplishments in forming assets in their portfolios ( Checkoway 2007 ) . The investing subdivisions of a bank which are usually demanding in footings of the big discretional histories and clients with a hazard disposition so steer the investing directors in determination devising. They really achieve the position utilizing suiting larning manners such as active experimentation and concrete experiences in rapprochement of histories. On the manus, other subdivisions of a bank such as the personal trust section with lower public presentation and hazard outlooks every bit good as fewer discretional histories so inform the directors on larning manners that incorporate brooding observation and active conceptualisation in determination devising. The several directors with acquisition manners face-to-face to each other had different experiences in their direction acquisition ; the concrete directors preferable people in the signifier of fellow workers, agents and business communities in their direction portfolios. Abstract directors on the manus obtained information relevant in their sections through analytical informations from beginnings such as company reappraisal and economic analysis ( Pettigrew 2003 ) . The concrete directors really preferred information that was utile in doing specific recommendation to a job with regard to investing banking. It was besides deserving observing that abstract directors arrived at a decisive decision from beginnings of information that they could straight analyse with regard to investing dimensions. As a consequence, abstract directors have a inclination to utilize so much information in their analysis in order to get at a determination as compared to their concrete opposite numbers in the same investing banking ( McGill & A ; Weil1989 ) . A situational analysis reveals that experiential larning in investing banking enables directors to be sensitive in their feelings towards other people particularly their clients and other stakeholders who matter in their plans. This really empowers them with an open-minded attack in their lives and managerial callings. This is so followed by job analysis with regard to investing state of affairss which so strengthens understanding in work outing jobs. The principle follows a position that recognizes people ‘s ideas and feelings in order to set up of import sentiments to be made that decide direction challenges. Those persons that participate successfully in this analysis develop a character profile with of import values such as forbearance, equity and resourceful thought. The subsequent experiences are utilized in solution analysis where possibilities are created for practical solutions to underlying following the precedency already established in the old phases. A solution analysis hence generates solution every bit good as their application in deciding jobs ( Sheth & A ; Eshghi 2008 ) . In this procedure, people are prefer rational logical thinking as opposed to mere feelings every bit good as set up theories related to underlying state of affairs ( in this instance investing banking ) than look intoing established facts. Directors are concerned with systematic organisation of issues, quantitative analysis and theoretical use of constructs in concern. As a affair of fact, the ensuing result of their idea forms follows a rigorous standard of analysing thoughts and later organizes their systems in investing portfolios for the common benefit of the concern and clients. What follows so is the execution analysis which is characterized by the procedure of placing undertakings that are portion of the solution analysis into a logical program characterized by relevant clip frames with appropriate rating schemes. Mechanisms are established to promote clients for case to put more in stocks and to mortgage installations alternatively of pyramid strategies that could put on the line their pecuniary additions in unbarred ventures. Directors who are able to interrogate issues to this degree derive practical cognition of their concern challenges and state of affairss that confront their dynamic markets ( Partin 2008 ) . These directors finally obtain practical applications of their theoretical cognition in order to act upon fellow co-workers. In kernel the directors taking advantage of active experimentation happen it easier to use abstract solution to their jobs and their organisations. In the universe of investing banking, the directors are able to innovatively plan practical solutions through a situational analysis and the subsequent execution protocols. They are really capable of taking manageable hazards in order to accomplish their ends and aims in add-on to their passion to see an impact of their Bankss in the surrounding environment ( Griffin, Holford & A ; Jarvis, 2003 ) . Through corporate societal duties, the directors are capable open uping local investing into enterprises that lead to poverty obliteration. They are influential in converting managers on of import council chamber determinations that create investing enterprises for other corporate every bit good as little and average endeavors. Since experiential acquisition follows a paradigm that values squad edifice, directors who are donees of the preparation value the part of their co-workers in benchmarking concern investings related to banking every bit good as research and development of their portfolios towards competitory advantage in the market ( Hillier 2002 ) . Team constructing characterized by larning from one another ‘s experiences enables for self rating and brainstorming techniques to be applied with a high grade of answerability and transparence. In order to larn from diverse experiences in a squad, the squad really builds itself from constructive duologue which allows for members to reflect about their single experiences together. As a consequence of contemplation, preservation and corporate duty and active question of single experiences, practical solutions can be created for the benefit of the full society. Members are encouraged to interact as equals in group treatments where they brainstorm on issues in their environment and peculiarly in their investing Bankss. The groups every bit do research in their niche markets on their clients with leading from directors with diverse experiential acquisition in order to incorporate dynamic thoughts in determination devising ( Moon 2004 ) . The directors are able to help the squads to develop an image unique to their organisation by spearheading a corporate treatment on different members ‘ experiences. As a consequence of the fruitful treatments, the directors are able to transfuse in the squad some sense of corporate duty in the subsequent determinations that affect their organisation. In kernel, the directors integrate in the workers through responsible leading, an apprehension that all of them belong to the company and their aspirations and ends in life every bit affair ( Silberman 2007 ) . Investings in the bank are more likely to better when the employees are trained to believe in the vision and mission of the organisation every bit good as guided on how to incorporate their single experiences and aspirations into the broader image of the investing authorization. For case, the workers ‘ calling aspirations can be developed more suitably when the bank through squad edifice recognizes endowments and capablenesss of its staff in their determination devising procedure. Monetary awards are non plenty in actuating the bank workers to execute better and honest in their projects. The workers ‘ household and calling aspiration is fundamentally a major ingredient of their direct experiences which could act upon the overall end product of the organisation. The directors fundamentally provide the executive consciousness required to steer the interaction procedure within the squad with maximal regard and focal point ( Nasta, Griffin & A ; Gray 2000 ) . It is of import that the workers are guided into fruitful deliberations with a batch of regard with one another ‘s experiences. When the civilization of common regard is developed in the squad, members become receptive to their co-workers points of position which so lead to proper contemplation on the subsequent determination for the common growing and development of everyone. The squad really develops into a acquisition system with members have a maps that contribute towards continuing the aims of the squad. The directors are left to monopolise leading alternatively they are portion of the squad which assumes shared leading with personal demands being integrated into the squad ‘s ends. The functions assigned to team members revolve around the investing banking portfolio with others being information searchers, coordinators and others could function as criterions compositors, compromisers, encouragers and group perceivers ( Zounkova , Franc & A ; Martin 2004 ) . Members really preferable executing those undertakings which they were familiar with or otherwise interested in. Despite of this, they were motivated by the squad spirit to execute some responsibilities for the best involvement of the group. As a consequence, the group provides a hospitable infinite for calling growing and expertness among its members. The procedure of experiential acquisition in direction of the banking industry besides allows for the creative activity of occupations through enlargement of concern chances to the young person. The investing portfolio is hence guided by its part to the society as a consequence of the fruitful deliberations that involve the full members of the community. The banking involvements in furthering fiscal growing in the environing community is paramount and squad edifice ensures that the merchandises provided by the establishment ( Silberman 2007 ) . For case husbandmans can be financially empowered through loans that enable them to purchase farm inputs such as seeds and fertilisers in order to guarantee that the end product of their agricultural green goods is sustainable with high net income borders. Students can every bit be supported through experiential acquisition to develop a holistic attack in calling patterned advance. The Bankss are every bit positioned good to widen educational loans and grants to the pupils with minimum involvement rates for their common benefit. Management as a acquisition procedure is hence sustained as a procedure of accommodating to the day-to-day challenges that confront the society particularly in elating their life criterions. Action Plan affecting economic research Economic research is of import in finding the extent to which the benefits of an industrialised economic system are to both the urban and rural scenes. Economic determinations are ever made by political leaders in authorities and people in direction ( Bartik, 2001 ) . Since most of the industries are based in urban scenes, there is sporadic rural-urban migration taking to congestion in major metropoliss. The limited resources particularly in lodging, infinite, employment and sanitation have lead to an addition in the degree of poorness every bit good as an addition in condemnable activities. Directors hence need to take advantage of the available statistics which demand for increased support into urban centres with a position of bettering the societal installations in order to avoid wellness hazard from happening ( Bartik, 2001 ) . Facilities such as schools, infirmaries, prisons and societal amusement articulations require periodic rating and upgrading in order to back up the increasing populations. The authorities may every bit see set abouting economic plans which promote private concerns in order to cut down poorness degrees and empower personal investings in coevals of employment. Such little and average endeavors are managed by people with small preparation in concern direction. The authorities should therefore explore economic research into ways of preparation concern proprietors for such little and average ventures with a position of fiting them with necessary accomplishments on current engineerings ( Bartik, 2001 ) . Research into the state of affairs is really important in steering the procedure of policy doing within authorities. Such policies are utile because some dependable statistics are available to steer the procedure. It is hence of import that a proper analysis is done to happen out the possibility of relocating some industries to rural countries in order to authorise the destitute populations at that place economically. It is non just for authorities to pass immense fiscal investings in traditional sectors of the economic system that can non be widening to suit the increasing populations. They are besides located within urban centres merely go forthing rural dwellers enduring in rampant poorness. It could look expensive to set up new industries for case in rural countries but this type of venture nowadayss instead a lasting solution to the marginalized province of the economic system in the distant scenes ( Bartik, 2001 ) . These demands that equal resources are budgeted in the nationally in order to finance substructure undertakings meant to open up rural countries for both authorities and private investings. There is besides need for authorities subsidies and revenue enhancement releases for economic activities already based in rural countries. Agricultural-based industries could be set up in rural scenes because there are available natural stuffs that can be when the necessary substructure is in topographic point ( Bartik, 2001 ) . As such, economic research is really relevant in steering authorities intercessions in cut downing poorness degrees every bit good as coevals of wealth across the board. It is hence of import for policy shapers to understand the kineticss associated with both urban and rural scenes. Other factors important for the economic research include the literacy degrees and acceptance of engineerings in the assorted scenes. When the authorities ends within the its vicinity as a state succeeds in accomplishing their aims in eliminating poorness every bit good as create employment chances for all, they every bit open up their states for direct foreign investings ( Bartik, 2001 ) . This therefore means that economic productiveness could come on with equal distribution of resources. The authorities general financial policies are based on dependable informations about the worlds on the land every bit good as the planetary political tendencies. Decision Experiential acquisition is hence an of import parametric quantity that informs research, instruction and direction for the well-being of society. Experiences that people have in different environments, when integrated into the common ends of the community, boosts development enterprises. Resources including human work force are efficaciously managed when diverse experiences are exploited for the common good of everyone. As a consequence of this worthwhile acquisition paradigm, direction in such fiscal establishments as Bankss can be efficaciously done as noted through squad edifice for the intent of non merely increasing investings but besides cut downing poorness and making occupations. The overall consequence is the betterment of the people ‘s life criterions. Mentions list Bartik, J. , T.2001. Jobs for the hapless: can labour demand policies help. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001. Brockett, G. R, Merriam B. S. 2007. The Profession and Practice of Adult Education: An Introduction Jossey-Bass higher and adult instruction series, London: John Wiley and Sons. Checkoway, B. 2007.Strategic positions on planning pattern. Michigan: Lexington Books. Doyle, S. , McDonald, L. & A ; Leberman, S. 2006. The transportation of acquisition: participants ‘ positions of grownup instruction and preparation. Berlin: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Griffin, C. Holford, J. & A ; Jarvis, P. 2003. The theory & A ; pattern of larning, New York: Routledge. Hillier Y. 2002. Brooding instruction in farther and big instruction Continuum Studies in Lifelong larning.Washington: Continuum International Publishing Group. McGill I. & A ; Weil W. S.1989. Making sense of experiential acquisition: diverseness in theory and pattern, Washington: Society for Research into Higher Education. Moon, A, J. 1999. Contemplation in larning and professional development: theory and pattern. New York: Routledge. Moon, A. J. 2004. A enchiridion of brooding and experiential acquisition: theory and pattern. New York: Routledge. Nasta, T, Griffin C, Gray D.2000. Training to learn in farther and big instruction Teacher Training Series. London: Nelson Thornes. Partin, J.J. 2008. Current positions in organisation development. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Pettigrew A, M. 2003. Advanced signifiers of forming: international positions. London: Sage. Sheth N, J. & A ; Eshghi G, S. 2008.Global human resources positions. California: South-Western Publishing Company. Silberman L, M 2007. The enchiridion of experiential larning Essential Knowledge Resource Series. London: John Wiley and Sons. Zounkova D, Franc D, Martin A. 2004. Outdoor and experiential acquisition: an holistic and originative attack to programme design. Berlin: Gower Publishing, Ltd.

Psychology (Personality) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychology (Personality) - Essay Example The types of questions asked by lay people include the following. What is a personality clash Do people with opposite personalities find each other attractive Can someone have little or no personality Academic questions are also of interest to the lay person, and might include the following. Does personality change much over time What causes (shapes, determines) an individual's personality What are the fundamental dimensions of personality To what extent do personality differences (alone) determine such things as health What causes a person to be an introvert or extravert (more likely an ambivert) Can neurotics be cured effectively Personality psychology is often a child of its investigative method. The couch and the laboratory use different methods, and hence develop different concepts and theories of personality. Personality psychologists, unlike many of their biological and cognitive colleagues, are often 'whole-person' psychologists, not focusing exclusively on beliefs, emotions or cognitions. Many have tended to ask 'big' questions, such as the following. What is the relative importance of the past, the present and the future to the development of personality What motivates human behaviour How important is the concept of self How consistent is human behaviour (Hergenhalin, 1994). As Cook (1984) notes, there are many different and important reasons for studying personality - obviously to gain a scientific understanding, but also to assess people accurately and to try to change people. He also argues that some theories look at the development of personality and others examine the structure of personality, w hich attempts to get below the surface of observable trait-type behaviours by examining biological, phenomenal or motivational factors. Carver and Scheier (1992) argue that, whereas some personality theorists (especially trait theorists) are interested in the structure of personality, others are more interested in its functioning. Both are important, but the result is often the development of separate theories and approaches. Personality theorists and researchers have influenced and have also been influenced by many other disciplines. Indeed, there is evidence that personality differences are related to different interests in psychology. Thus Zachar and Leong showed that pure (scientific) vs. applied (practitional) graduate students had quite different personalities. Pushing graduate students into strong practitioner-personality orientations to become scientists makes as much sense as trying to convert an introvert into an extravert. However, introverts may benefit from some training and social skills, just as practitioner-orientated graduate students can learn to think and evaluate their interventions scientifically without having to become a practising scientist. (Zachar and Leong, 1992, p.676) Sociologists and anthropologists have influenced some personality theories by discussing what goes on 'outside, around and among' individuals, rather than what goes on inside them. Lately, however, it has been biologists and geneticists whose ideas and discoveries have most influenced personality research. Certainly this trend looks likely to continue. Behaviour genetics, cognitive neuropsychology and multivariate statistics probably represent the most influential contributions to the discipline at the moment (see Section 1.11). Personality psychology aims to provide viable

Business Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Change Management - Essay Example Perhaps the space between the new organization design and implementing it into actuality is the whole coverage of organization change and development. People are adaptive to change. However, certain skills must be present from the initiators of change so as to successfully implement their project. Thus, managers need to have the necessary abilities not only in detecting what needs to be changed but also how to introduce the change effectively. According to Moran and Avergun (1997) "Change consists of a series of closer and closer approximation of increasingly ambiguous goals which are embraced by more and more members of the organization. For this reason, change often seems endless and confusing. Often those involved in the change process feel overwhelmed and powerless." This paper provides discussion of how change can be managed in order to avoid people from feeling overwhelmed and powerless. Arguments that claim differing statements regarding this notion of change management are likewise presented through the use of management concepts and theories that are relevant to the discussion. As such, the paper provides the (a) definition and importance of change management, (b) strategic implementation of change management, and (c) means and ways of coping and adapting effectively to changes in the management within the organization. Finally, a conclusion summarizing the highlights of the discussion and the reflexive analysis of the author is presented. Change Management Definition and importance. Change management is basically defined as the formulation and assimilation of change in a methodical process. The major objective of change management is the introduction of innovative means and systems in the work organization. Businesses must normally undergo change in order to evolve to a higher level of for instance, stability, management or production. Appointing a new head officer, for example, can greatly enhance his subordinates based on his management principles and personality. Adding a new member in the organization or reconstructing an old company program are called smaller versions of change and are significantly different from that of change management. The scope of organizational change is much wider as compared to minor company changes. This may include changing the company's mission, reforming business operations, application of new technologies, major group efforts, or adoption of new programs. Usually, the organization is encouraged on settling on change management due to external influences, usually termed as the environment (Nickols, 2004). Thus, change management can alternately be defined as the response of different business to changes brought about by environmental influences in which organizations have minimal or absolutely no control over. Organizational change is part of and a result of struggles between contradictory forces, also change management practice is related with endeavoring to manage their competing demands. To understand why and how to change organizations, it is first necessary to understand their structures, management and behaviour. According to Burnes (1996) these systems of ideas are crucial to change managemen

The role of sociology during Wars Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of sociology during Wars - Term Paper Example Since a lot of assets are at stake during a war, it is crucial to resolve the crises and in order to do so understanding the root causes is very important. This paper aims at discussing how sociology can play a crucial role in predicting, understanding and thus, avoiding wars. Sociology is the study of societies, usually modern ones which comprises of people being the sole fundamentals or building blocks of the society, and thus understanding the psyche and societal roles of these people can help understand war more effectively, as proposed by the sociologists (Stanchak 2000). The first part of the thesis comprises of the role of sociology in understanding the concept of war which is the sole pre-requisite for predicting and thus, resolving the issues which have the potential of turning into a war like situation. In this context, Lachmann (2012) argues that war can be traced back in history and can thus be studied in terms of benefits and losses for individuals or groups within individuals. For instance, he states that citizens of a nation associate their collective interests with the state authority, and the state in turn seeks benefits from the state in terms of taxes and services etc. Thus, over the years, the state has developed strong control over the citizens in terms of controlling their socio-economic lives either directly or indirectly, and in this global world, the same benefit and loss patterns have resulted into conflicts between states over resources which are already in scarcity. Supporting this argument, another proposition posed by Shaw (2 007) can be stated which indicates that the reasons behind wars can be related to sociological patterns across society. This implies that war rather than being taken as an absolute entity should rather be studies as general conflicts between individuals or groups, and he focuses on the concept of genocide where a certain group attacks an un-armed group of people to pursue their personal interests. In other

Senior Philosophy Seminar Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Senior Philosophy Seminar - Assignment Example Plato believed that the knowledge represented by these lines are ordered highest to lowest as follows CE, CD, AC, and AB. 2 Explain the cave that Plato describes, with the prisoners, the platform from which the shadows are cast and the exit to the real world. The cave that Plato describes is a group of people chained to the wall of a cave for all of their lives. These people face a blank wall with a fire continuously roaring behind them. All that the chained people can see are shadows of the other people between them and the fire. For the prisoners the shadows are reality. However if a prisoner was freed, they could see that the shadows were not reality. Philosophers are like freed prisoners. Philosophers are like freed prisoners, they can detect reality from shadows. Sextus Empericus 3 What is the goal of Skepticism? The goal of the skepticism is to research truth about reality be comparing different truths in order to have peace of mind through the lack of judgment. A skeptic never passes judgment, but always searches truth in reality by comparing different truths. Descartes 4 Through what chain of reasoning does Descartes attempt to doubt his own body and all elements of it? Descartes uses the wax argument to doubt his own body and all elements of it. The wax argument is where Descartes takes a ball of wax. He looks at it, touches it, smells it, and uses his five senses to define the ball of wax. However when he puts the ball of wax next to a flame it loses it shape, it smells different, it sounds different, it feels different, and basically the wax changes. The human body can change the way it smells, tastes, sounds, feels, and looks. This is the reasoning Descartes uses to doubt his body. He concludes the only reason he exists is because he reasons. Locke 5 According to Locke, if our mind is a blank sheet of paper, how does it come to be filled? Where do complex ideas come from, according to Locke? John Locke believed that sensations and reflections are th e two sources of all our ideas. As a baby develops in the womb, the sensations fill the mind. After birth the sensations and growing reflections of thought fill the mind. Complex ideas come from education. The education of a man really makes a man according to Locke. Good education makes for a good person; likewise bad education makes a bad person. Hume 6 If all of our knowledge of matters of fact depends on cause and effect, what is the source of our ideas of cause and effect, according to Hume? How does Hume argue for this? According to Hume, people reason inductively by correlating repetitively joined events. The thought of cause and effect result in knowledge. Hume historians believe Hume taught three types of causation exist; the logical positivist; the skeptical realist; and the quasi-realist. The logical positivist which argues that A leads to B or A most likely leads to B. The skeptical realist argues that if A leads to B an underlying cause is the reason. The quasi-realist believes that cause and effect can be anticipated by past behavior. 7 Why does Hume think we go in a circle when we try to demonstrate why we believe in cause and effect? Cause and effect is based on experience. Since experience can be different for diverse situations cause and effect might not always work for everyone. For example, a person in Moscow might say precipitation from the sky will cause snow packed roofs in December, but a person in the

Poverty As a Social Evil and its Various Aspects Essay

Poverty As a Social Evil and its Various Aspects - Essay Example This essay stresses that poverty is a social evil and root cause of a number of problems caused to man, two of which have been greatly dealt with in the paper. Most people that are poor or living below the poverty line are not even able to afford square meals and provide their family with the same. They have many mouths to feed and an unstable source of income which forces many of them to even resort to actions like begging for food. Most of them do not have a house or a roof to live under and thus are subject to the worst kind of diseases. They are not able to help their situation because of the perpetual state of poverty that they lie within. Even food and shelter becomes a distant dream for such people and they become socially excluded from a lifestyle of being able to achieve these basic resources from society. This paper makes a conclusion that the question lies in whether or not such people should be provided with external assistance by others in order for them to be able to gain basic food supplies and a place to live in with their families. Governments in many countries provide the socially backward classes and poor people of the society with these basic amenities. There are a number of food programs taken up in such developing and under developed countries where poor people are given food grains so that they can sustain their lifestyle and be able to feed their families.

Lifelong Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Lifelong Learning - Essay Example H G Wells was correct when he said that 'the whole of human history is a battle between education and catastrophe' (cited in Fischer, 2000, p. 265). Those of us immersed in a lifelong learning culture can all sense that the new millennium brings with it the opportunity for a new beginning. But we can all see, as well, the scale of the task ahead just to make it happen, perhaps starting in our own communities and branching out from there with new understandings, new persuasions, new insights, new wisdom. Thanks to inter-governmental organizations-UNESCO, OECD, APEC, the Council of Europe, The European Commission and others - and some of the more enlightened liberal democracies, the lifelong learning movement is now rampaging around the whole world, from Europe to South Africa and from North America to Japan, like a benign educational plague. It is the future-and it is not before time. In Lifelong Learning, written 12 years ago, Longworth and Davies suggested eight reasons why lifelong learning is particularly appropriate for this age. But nine years is a long time in a lifelong learning world. While some are still as relevant as on the day they were written, it is time to update the rest to take into account the changes in the meanwhile: Fundamental global demographics-in the rich developed world, ageing, more mobile, more multicultural and multi-ethnic societies which could release high inter-racial and inter-generational social tensions and a reduced investment in welfare programmes through a fall in working, and an increase in retired, populations. By contrast, in the poorer parts of the world a massive population growth exacerbating already chronic shortages of resource and education and condemning vast numbers of people to live at subsistence level and below... The pervasive influence of television and the media on the development of peoples' thoughts, ideas and perceptions. Television has an enormously powerful effect on people. Where it is in the hands of those who would use it as an instrument of propaganda, whether raw or subtle, as happens in both poor and rich countries, it can be used to foster hatred and intolerance. Where it is used purely as an instrument of entertainment, it can, through trivialization and ignorance of real issues, have an equally insidious effect on the ability of people to make informed choices. As an occasional, independent, instrument of education it could be used to transform nations into dynamic, well-educated and flexible lifelong learning societies (Marsick, 1998, p. 119). Environmental imperatives - the depletion of the world's resources and the need for renewable energy, the destruction of ecosystems and the demand for sustainable development. There is a crucial need to educate continually all the world's people in environmental matters as a basis for the survival of species on earth and to be inventive and innovative about how environmental information is kept constantly in the forefront of popular consciousness. In other words, the need for a lifelong learning approach to a lifelong survival issue (Swedburg & Ostiguy 1998, p. 27). These are issues affecting every society and they propagate a view of lifelong learning as a global phenomenon, entirely consonant with the reality of governmental perceptions.

Human Resource Plan and Communication Plan in project management Assignment

Human Resource Plan and Communication Plan in project management - Assignment Example GM will make sure that the department heads work effectively and ensure quality in their department. In order for an individual to qualify for this position, he or she must have a Masters degree in management with five years working in management level. QM, TM, and DCM will be responsible for making sure that their department work effectively and ensure quality. They will manage workers in their departments. The managers will have a bachelor degree in relevant field accompanied by three years experience. In the organization, I will be communicating with the managers from each department. The managers will be giving out detailed information about their departments. They will also provide information concerning the challenges faced in each department. The information provided by managers will be used to make improvement by solving problems faced in each department. I will then communicate with the directors about the information presented by the managers. I will go through the presentations and approve the important and useful information before handing it to the managers. After the directors approve my requested I will then present the approval to the managers for implementation. I will be communicating with the managers to make sure that the suggested improvements have been implemented (Bohlander George, Morris Shad and Snell Scott 78). I will be communicating with the managers on daily basis. Communication with the directors will be done on weekly basis. Managers must send an email explaining on the progress of their departments on daily basis. The managers will also present the problems been faced in their organization formally on weekly basis. Monthly meetings will be held in order to have an information discussion with all departments (Bohlander George, Morris Shad and Snell Scott 60). The required information must be communicated by the required department in due

Decision making Essay Example for Free

Decision making Essay My personal ethics development has been a process and it has changed over the years from people influencing me and myself maturing. As a child, I was raised well by my mother who always taught me to do the right thing when no one was looking. She always made sure I respected my elders and had good manners. I went to a Catholic school when I was in grade school and high school. My family and I would go to church every Sunday and have dinner together every night. My family always taught me to have good values and morals, to be a part of the community in a productive way. The people that raised me in my earlier life played a huge importance on the man I have become. At this point of my life ,I thought my compass was true north as we heard Mr. O’Rourke talk about in the video lecture. I had strong values at all times or at least I thought I did. As my life went on I realized that my compass was north ,but it wasnt true north. I still had room to grow and become more mature in my decision-making. Sometimes it can be very hard to judge how ethic you are like a person because you are judging yourself. I graduated high school and soon after that I decided that I was going to join the Army instead of going to college. I was 19 years old when I joined the United States Army and enlisted for four years. The minute I arrived to boot camp I was introduced to the seven Army values which are loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity, and personal courage. We had to memorize these army values ,as well as The Soldiers Creed and Warrior ethos. The warrior ethos is, I will always place the mission first, I will never quit, I will never accept defeat, and I will never leave a fallen comrade. Every morning we would stand information and have to repeat these creeds and Army values as a group. At the time ,I did not understand why it was suppose important memorize all these things. They would make us do team building exercises, where you would have to trust your fellow Soldiers. Then the next six years of my life will change how I looked at my moral decision making for the rest of my life. I went to Iraq when I was 20 for a 15-month tour and came back 22 years old. Within those six years ,I deployed to Iraq three deferent times for a total of 33 months. While you are deployed in a war situation you will be faced with unethical decisions on a daily basis this is where you got to separate your religious and personal ethics with your jobs ethics. Sometimes you need to make a decision based on a duty-based principal, were right and wrong is determined by an outside source. You do things you don’t necessarily believe in ,but its for the better of the workplace, work or in this case for the Army. I look back to the days of basic training and throughout the nine years I have been in the Army and I realize why the Army puts so must stress on values. We have classes all the time on ethics, decision-making and critical thinking. The Army prepares you for the hard decisions you are going to have to make with using sound judgment and values. All the training I received from the Army and them instilling values and standards in my brain helped me to always make ethical decisions in the most distraught instances. It helped me that I was raised with good ethics, morals, and values. It made the transition in the Army easier for myself than some of the other Soldiers. The Army is a perfect example of just because you were raised with bad ethics or values do not mean that you will always live that way. People are brought in from all over the world and have to work with each other on a daily basis and trust each other. The Army will teach you how to have good ethics and values. I see people change all the time over the course of time. They will make you have a role model character once they make you believe in the values and ethics. I am not saying everyone will change or will be able to change but if a person truly wants to change they can change with strong leaders in place with good characters. Ethics is crucial in the business world because there is so much room for corruption and misbehavior in the workplace. There is many chances to make unethical decisions in business that is why it is so important to have mandatory training and have people who believe in you work for you. Every company or business needs to come up with some policy such as code to ethics in the workplace environment. Just cause someone grew up a bad apple does not mean that the person is going to be a bad apple there whole life. People who impact them throughout their lives can change them or a certain job with high ethic standards could change their point of view. It could be as simple as one person who influences that person for them to change to the perspective on their ethics. Without ethics in organizations, there would be no sense of trust among employees and as well with customers. You want to know your employees are making ethical decisions because you cannot watch everyone that works for you all the time. You want them to act the same way whether you are in a room with them or a thousand miles away. It is your responsibility as a leader to influence these people and instill these values and ethics in them. You need to make your employees believe in you and your ideas. Throughout my life ,I feel I have had strong morals but many people have influenced me in a positive way. Most people just need positive influences in their life to shape them to have good strong ethics. I was just lucky enough to have these people in my life from an early age and throughout my life. I have never been the person who does things for entitlement-based, I do not find myself making decisions solely on the basis of what is best for myself.

How Are Pistons Made Engineering Essay

How Are Pistons Made Engineering Essay There are different ways of doing the pistons and they all aims to achieve the lighter piston with least friction. Some of these are explained as follows: Cast piston is used for light-duty. The cast surface tells us this piston wont stand up to extremes of temperature and rpm because the molecular structure isnt as tight as it is with hypereutectic and forged pistons. Die-cast pistons are made by pouring molten aluminium into a mould. Then, the piston is machined into a finished product. Hypereutectic pistons are little more than a die-cast slug with a high silicone content. This makes the surfaces harder and shinier. It also changes the expansion properties, allowing you to run tighter piston-to-cylinder-wall clearances. You can run a hypereutectic piston a lot harder than you can a cast unit. The high-silicone content gives the hypereutectic a forged appearance. Note the huge valve relief for those Cleveland intake valves. Forged pistons are more involved, and, certainly, more expensive to make. Instead of a simple mould, we need a giant press, which rams the aluminium into a complex mould under high pressure. Machining forged pistons is no small feat. It is both time consuming and expensive. The forged piston advantage is greater strength, harder surfaces, more predictable expansion properties, and virtually no porosity. Another advantage to forged pistons is the ability to make them lighter and with less skirt. We can do this because forged pistons are stronger. We can machine more meat out of them without suffering structural losses. Forged pistons have a distinctive look, with an extra-hard surface and machining marks. These are what you go with when high rpm and high heat are expected. If youre running nitrous or supercharging, theyre mandatory. Piston technology has come a long way. Computer-aided design and CNC machining technology has made it possible to make custom pistons for just about any application you can think of. With this technology has come lighter pistons with less skirt that offer less friction. Piston Design: Piston design and shape greatly effect how an engine performs. When pistons are too heavy, we lose power. Design in too much skirt, and we lose power through excessive friction. Too little skirt, and the piston becomes unstable. Shoehorn in too much displacement, push the wrist pin into the ring grooves, and you have a formula for piston failure because this exerts too much heat on the pin and boss. In the dreamy world of piston science, we dream of the perfect pistonthe piston that creates very little friction (drag), weighs very little, carries just the right amount of oil up the cylinder walls, and provides a perfect cylinder seal. In the real world, it is nearly impossible to achieve all of these elements at once. http://www.mustangandfords.com/techarticles/mufp_0505_piston_fundamentals/piston_selection.html Piston Engine: A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: The internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles, The steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution, The niche application Stirling engine. Piston Make: The current problem is that there are two pistons with failure; the author here is doing analysis and investigation on the tow pistons trying to find the root causes for this problem and how to avoid this to happen again next time. Those tow pistons are parts in a marine diesel engine made by a German company called MAN Diesel Turbo. MAN Diesel Turbo is one of the worlds leading suppliers in its various fields. From pleasure yacht engines to four-stroke engines for giant container ships, from emergency power units  to turnkey diesel power plants, from single compressors and turbines to complete machine trains for various industrial applications. The engine for the piston is a marine engine with product number L20/27. In theory, diesel engines are internal combus ­tion engines designed to convert the chemical energy available in fuel into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy moves pistons up and down inside cylinders. The pistons are connected to a crankshaft, and the up-and-down motion of the pistons, known as linear motion, creates the rotary motion needed to turn the wheels of a car forward. Diesel engines covert fuel into energy through a series of small explosions or combustions. explosions happen In a diesel engine; the air is compressed first, and then the fuel is injected. Because air heats up when its compressed, the fuel ignites. The diesel engine uses a four-stroke combustion cycle . The four strokes are: Stroke 1 of 4 Suck: Intake stroke On the intake or induction stroke of the piston , the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s) then close. The intake valve opens up, letting in air and moving the piston down.  ­ Stroke 2 of 4 Squeeze Compression stroke: With both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the fuel-air mixture. This is known as the compression stroke. The piston moves back up and compresses the air. Stroke 3 of 4 Bang Combustion stroke: While the piston is at or close to Top Dead Center, the compressed airà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬fuel mixture is ignited, usually by a spark plug (for a gasoline or Otto cycle engine) or by the heat and pressure of compression (for a diesel cycle or compression ignition engine). The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture drives the piston back down toward bottom dead center with tremendous force. This is known as the power stroke, which is the main source of the engines torque and power. As the piston reaches the top, fuel is injected at just the right moment and ignited, forcing the piston back down. Stroke 4 of 4 Blow Exhaust stroke: During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the products of combustion from the cylinder by pushing the spent fuel-air mixture through the exhaust valve(s). The piston moves back to the top, pushing out the exhaust created from the combustion out of the exhaust valve. Remember that the diesel engine has no spark plug, that it intakes air and compresses it, and that it then injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (direct injection). It is the heat of the compressed air that lights the fuel in a diesel engine. In the next section, well examine the diesel injection process. Lubrication cooling Medium-alkaline lube oils have proven to be suitable for lubricating the power train, the cylinders, the turbocharger and, if the facility is provided, for the cooling of the pistons. Such medium-alkaline lube oils contain additives which, amongst other things, provide them with a higher neutralization capability than is the case with blended (HD) oils. Basic oil The basic oil (medium-alkaline lube oil = basic oil + additives) must be a narrow distillation cut and must be refined according to modern methods. Bright stocks, if contained, must neither adversely affect the thermal nor the oxidation stability of the basic oil Medium-alkaline lube oil The basic oil with additives have been mixed (medium-alkaline lube oil) must demonstrate the following characteristics: The additives must be dissolved in the oil and must be of such a composition tat an absolute minimum of ash remains as residue after combustion, even if temporary operated on distillate fuel. That ash must be soft. If this prerequisite id not complied with, increased deposits are to be expected in the combustion chamber especially at the outlet valves and in the inlet housing of the turbochargers. Hard additive ash promotes pitting on the valve seats, as well as burnt-out valves and increased mechanical wear. Additives must not cause clogging of the filter elements, neither in their active nor in their exhausted state. The cleaning capacity must be so high that coke and tar-like residues occurring when fuel is combusted must not build-up. The dispersing capacity must selected such that commercially available lube oil cleaning equipment can remove the combustion deposits from the used oil, i.e. the used oil must possess good separation and filtration properties. The neutralization capacity (ASTM-D2896) must be so high that the acidic products which emanate during combustion are neutralized by the lube oil consumption of the engine. The reaction time of the additives must be matched to the process in the combustion chamber. The tendency to evaporate must be as low as possible, otherwise the oil consumption is adversely affected. The lube oil must not form a stable emulsion with water. The lube oil must not contain agents to improve viscosity index. The fresh oil must be free from water and other contaminants.

Upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and London by William Bla

Upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and London by William Blake Upon Westminster Bridge was written by William Wordsworth on September 3rd 1802. William Blake wrote London between 1757 and 1827. Both poems are about London, but they have very different views of the city. Wordsworth sees the good about the city and doesn't pick up any negatives. Blake however expresses a negative feeling and shows how it is felt by all. Wordsworth was the son of a lawyer called John Wordsworth. His father was the personal attorney of the Earl of Lonsdale, the most powerful and hated man in the area. He had three brothers and one elder sister. He wrote this poem in the year that the Earl died when he and his siblings could finally receive the inheritance of their mother and fathers deaths. Little more than a month later after writing the poem he married his childhood sweetheart Mary Hutchinson. This could have had some effect in his views and prospects in life after all he had suffered when he was a teenager. Blake was the son of a successful hosier and was the third of five children. He only went to school long enough to read and write and then worked in his fathers shop until he was fourteen. At 25 Blake married Catherine Boucher. A follower of Emanuel Swedenborg, who offered a gentle and mystic interpretation of Christianity, Blake wrote poetry that largely reflects Swedenborgian views. Upon Westminster Bridge has a very positive view on London. He describes how calm and clear it is and how you could not walk by without noticing its beauty. ?Dull would he be of soul who could pass by? He continues to say that the city wears the royalty that is part of it and how special it is to see this place. H... ...hing as if it is human, even the people seem to be explained as just a sum or thing. To also use more collective terms gives the poem a very negative outlook, which is just what Blake was trying to achieve. Both poems have very different views on London. Wordsworth?s was very positive and Blake?s seemed to pick out everything unpleasant and depressing. I personally prefer Blake?s poem as it seems to be more realistic and if you took a second to think deeper into your town or city you could probably highlight more bad than good points. However I feel that Blake was very harsh and a lot of the things that Wordsworth said are also very true and relevant but are a bit like living in a daydream. If I were to write my own poem I would write one more similar to Blake?s because I found it more compelling to read and it was a lot more interesting and dramatic.

Exploring Personal Choices in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Mo

Exploring Personal Choices in Toni Morrison's Beloved At the climax of her book Beloved, Toni Morrison uses strong imagery to examine the mind of a woman who is thinking of killing her own children. She writes, "Because the truth was simple, not a long-drawn-out record of flowered shifts, tree cages, selfishness, ankle ropes and wells. Simple: she was squatting in the garden and when she saw them coming and recognized schoolteacher's hat, she heard wings. Little hummingbirds stuck their needle beaks right through her headcloth into her hair and beat their wings. And if she thought anything, it was No. Nono. Nonono. Simple. She just flew. Collected every bit of life she had made, all the parts of her that were precious and fine and beautiful, and carried, pushed, dragged them through the veil, out, away, over there where no one could hurt them. Over there. outside this place, where they would be safe. And the hummingbird wings beat on." (163) A full analysis of the book, or even of this passage, would be more extensive than is justified by the constraints of this paper. To a large extent this book is about the victims of the system of slavery. However, Morisson uses this and other passages to comment on issues that are still present even after significant changes in social and economic systems. One statement Morisson is making here is that there is a dichotomy between what we should do to obey our personal spiritual laws and what we should do to exercise "common sense" or "be normal." Also that often neither of these is what we actually do nor what we want to do as a person trying to live life. She makes it implicitly clear in this sentence, as she does in other parts of the novel, dealing with other characters. It is va... ...uate all the options we have for dealing with it. Perhaps Toni Morrison wrote this book to explore choices that we all have made between what is right for the "reasonable man" and what is right for us in the context of what we believe and feel, and how we reconcile those things as we deal with society afterward. God judges the heart of every person, but other people can only judge and deal with us on the basis of what they see and hear us do and say. That is a major challenge for each person: expressing his or her true feelings clearly, before and after the action, and expressing them to a sympathetic person who is also able to parse that expression. Perhaps the "hummingbirds" in this passage were all the reactions by people who closed Sethe in rather than allowed her to express herself openly. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Plume, 1997.

The Role of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls Essay examples -- An I

The Role of the Inspector in 'An Inspector Calls' An Inspector Calls is a play with many social and political messages. J. B. Priestley believed a great deal in socialism and he used several of his plays to try and influence people to be Socialist as well. It was written in a time when Britain was ruled by a Labour government and socialist policies were seen as the way forward. It was a popular way of thinking at that time so Priestley's aim for the play was probably to teach the unconvinced. The Inspector in J. B. Priestley's 'An Inspector Calls' is one of the most thought-provoking and mysterious characters that modern day literature has yet produced. It is this mysterious element that contributes greatly to making him a very interesting character and one that may be perceived in many ways. The audience does not find a great deal out about the Inspector and nothing is explicitly told to us; we are given hints and clues from the way he acts and what he says and are forced to piece these together to form our own ideas about his identity and his intentions. In this way, Priestley has asked his audience to act as a judge and to reach personal conclusions about him. The role of the Inspector is one of many levels. In terms of how he is used in the basic structure of the play, he is there to move the play along in that he encourages the characters to tell their stories. If there was not the revelation that he was not a real Police Inspector, he would only be considered as a narrator and not play a big part in the play. Because it transpired that he was an impostor of sorts, further questions are asked by the audience and different insights have become likely and it is clear that the Inspector is in the play for many reasons. T... ...e unpunished. One must conclude that the Inspector's main purpose is to teach. In the context of the play, he told the characters what had happened to a particular girl because they had each been guilty of selfishness. In regards to the whole of society, he voiced Priestley's opinions that we cannot make any progress if we do not work together. In my opinion, those watching or reading the play today would not gain as much from the story in regards to the moral teachings because most have now accepted the advantages of Socialism over Capitalism and so do not have as much to learn on the arguments of this issue as the audiences of 1947. In regards to the question of what the Inspector actually was, I personally feel that there is not enough evidence given for even a strong, fact-supported theory to be produced to answer the question, let alone an infallible answer.

Land Degradation and Global Warming Essay

Our planet has experienced many changes in its climate from day 1 of creation up to the present. Today, we are faced with issues concerning global warming or the average increase of temperature of Earth’s atmosphere. What causes global warming leads researchers to identify natural conditions and manmade activities that cause this phenomenon (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). Land degradation is being eyed as one of the contributing factors of global warming. By definition, it is the loss of the land productivity that could be permanently or temporarily (Stocking & Murnagham, 2000). Literature Review Land degradation has been a problem for a long time. Researches are done in order to find out the most applicable solution to the affected areas. Michael Stocking and Niamh Murnaghan, in 2000, had published â€Å"Land Degradation: Guidelines for Field Assessment. † This publication consists of 8 chapters. The authors have focus on the following areas: farmers’ perspective on land degradation, definition and causes, effects and consequences to land users, soil loss, effects to production, indicators of land degradation, and the benefits of conservation. Agencies such as the Canadian International Development Agency or CIDA, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the United Nations have promoted their awareness programs regarding land degradation and global warming. With the help of these agencies, people are gaining information about the effects of natural events and some human activities to the environment. Methodology This research is mainly based on information, researches, and readings from the Internet. I have chosen Web sites from reliable agencies such as U. S. EPA, CIDA, and the United Nations in order to acquire information about land degradation and global warming. Since the Internet is also known as the information superhighway, these agencies are successful in spreading their researches and making the public aware of the increasing effect of global warming to our environment. Data Analysis California is just one of the States that promotes rainforest conservation to lessen the effect of global warming by reducing emissions from deforestation and land degradation or REDD. REDD is an state-to-state sub-national agreement that aims to promote improved forest management practices and reforestation. The parties involved in this agreement have signed the Memorandum of Understanding on 18 November 2008. (Mongabay. com, 2008) In Canada, CIDA has led the promotion to reverse the effects of land degradation. CIDA works with the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification or UNCCD. CIDA’s efforts to reverse the effects include: tree planting, sustainable irrigation, and environmental monitoring among others. (Land Degradation, CIDA, 2008) Results The effects of land degradation to Earth’s climate were not observed immediately. Now, the effects of global warming are increasingly being noticed. We have experienced El Nino and La Nina and heard news about the melting of ice in the Arctic. The processes done to counteract the effects could also take longer time before we could see the results. Discussion When the soil lost its productivity due to land degradation, trees and plants could not thrive on it. Add to this phenomenon the continuous illegal logging and deforestation activities could lead to decreased numbers of planted trees and plants. When the number of planted trees and plants continue to lessen, few trees and plants could absorb carbon dioxide, the gas that contributes to global warming due to excessive production. Carbon dioxide traps heat. Too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to an abnormal increase in the temperature of the atmosphere, thus the occurrence of global warming. The common causes of land degradation are overgrazing, deforestation, and pollution. There is a human factor in these causes. We are responsible to what is happening in our climate now. As we wait for the results of the present actions concerning global warming. It’s best to help in our own simple ways on how to prevent land degradation. One is to help promote the advocacies of the concerned agencies. Conclusion Global warming is a reality. The effects of it are tremendous and detrimental. Should global warming continue to worsen, Earth and all its tenants are in grave danger. Public awareness of the effects of global warming is deemed necessary. We are the ones who have triggered the ignition of global warming. We should also be the ones to trigger the solution. Works Cited â€Å"California Joins Effort to Fight Global Warming by Saving Rainforests. † Mongabay. com. 19 November 2008. 25 November 2008 â€Å"Climate Change. † Canadian International Development Agency. 24 October 2008. 27 November 2008 â€Å"Climate Change. † U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. 27 November 2008 â€Å"Land Degradation. † Canadian International Development Agency. 23 July 2008. 25 November 2008 Stocking, M. & Niamh Murnagham. â€Å"Land Degradation: Guidelines for Field Assessment. † PLEC Databases. 2000. 25 November 2008

Nursing Theory Analysis Essay

Introduction As nurses, it is important to have a basic understanding of the nursing practice by reflecting on various nursing theories and principles used across a variety of clinical settings. Nursing theories serve as the foundation or the guiding principle of the nursing profession. In this paper, I am going to discuss two theories – the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory – and their relevance to the nursing practice. Health Belief Model The Health Belief Model, commonly abbreviated as HBM, is a psychological model that predicts and explains health behaviors of individuals based on their beliefs and attitudes towards a particular health-related issue. This theory explains that an individual’s beliefs and attitudes about certain health problems, self-efficacy, barriers, and benefits to perceived action help create health-promoting behavior. It was created in the 1950s by US social psychologists Kegels, Rosenstock & Hochbaum in response to the unsuccessful nationwide tuberculosis screening program (Thurmond & Popkess-Vawter, 2003). The core statements and assumptions of the Health Belief Model is that a health-related action should be adhered because it could help prevent the likelihood of negative health conditions, such as chronic illnesses and infectious conditions. Once individuals acquire positive expectations over a specific health-promoting action, they can then avoid the occurrence of negative health con ditions (Potter & Perry, 2006). Application of the Health Belief Model into practice It is believed that the Health Belief Model is the main model used in the nursing process associated with health promotion and education, as well as illness prevention and protection. It has been utilized to describe various health protective activities within the primary, secondary, and tertiary level of health care. This framework serves as the basis for helping individuals engage in primary and secondary illness prevention. For instance, when nurses provide specific instructions to educate individuals that diseases could be prevented, this is part of the primary prevention that is associated with increasing the health-promoting activities of the population. If the nurse, on the other hand, educates an ill patient about how a certain disease should be treated, and the things to be avoided to prevent the disease from getting worse, this is part of the secondary level of prevention that is associated with preventing negative health conditions (Thurmond & Popkess-Vawter, 2003). Accordingly, by providing primary and secondary prevention, the patients’ perceived benefits will likely increase their anticipatory actions and lessen health risks associated with their conditions (Bandura, 2009). Another good example of a Health Belief Model applied into nursing practice, is when a nurse creates a discharge planning education for a patient diagnosed with heart illness. By letting the patient know before discharge the importance of undergoing regular monitoring and follow-up, as well as teaching the patient to reduce risk-taking behaviors, it could help increase a patient’s health awareness and possibly reduce readmissions in the future. But most importantly, the nurse must help the patient become accepting of the belief that discharge health educations could increase self-efficacy and improve the overall quality of life. It is important to note that the Health Belief Model is entirely reliant on the ability of the nurse to produce meaningful interventions to stimulate the cognitive sphere of the patients in terms of their health beliefs and culture (Potter & Perry, 2006). By understanding the patient’s personal values, culture, and family history the nurse could tentatively formulate how the patient views or accepts a disease condition. Finally, nurses must learn to create questions that could help identify or explore the patient’s perception about the illness or disease, so that they could have a more concrete idea about the beliefs and attitudes surrounding health-associated  matters of the patient. With the help of the Health Belief Model, nurses could positively and effectively engage in health education with proper understanding of individual perceptions, values, and attitudes toward a specific disease being addressed. Social Cognitive Theory The Social Cognitive Theory is a learning theory based on the perception that individuals could learn new behaviors or skills by observing others (Sandoval, 2008). These newly learned behaviors can be central to the development of one’s personality or set of skills necessary for his or her profession. While it is believed that the environment in which a person grows up or becomes affiliated to may contribute to the development of learning and behavior, the cognition or the actual learning process is also important for the acquisition of new behaviors and attitudes. Proponents of the Social Cognitive Theory state that people could learn by observing other people, with the help of the environment, and through behaviors as the main factors for influencing human development (Miller, 2005). Application of Social Cognitive Theory into nursing practice In this theory, there are five core concepts including modeling/learning, outcome expectations, development of self-efficacy, self-regulation, and goal setting. Among these five factors, the most important factor for behavior acquisition is the modeling/learning process. That is very important for the nursing profession. According to the Social Cognitive Theory, effective modeling educates strategies and general rules necessary for dealing with various life situations (Bandura, 2009). This is similar to how the student nurses learn nursing skills during their college years. When student nurses started working with their clinical instructors, who are registered and practicing nurses, they are being taught new nursing methods so that they could learn how to deal with different nursing roles and practices in a wide range of health care settings and patient populations (Miller, 2005). The Social Cognitive Theory serves as a guide for student nurses to acquire new nursing skills they could use in their profession. For example, student nurses learn the importance of hand washing and sterile gloving technique before engaging in surgeries from their nurse instructors.  But they could not learn the proper technique of hand washing and gloving if their instructors would not imitate or demonstrate the step-by-step method of doing it (Bandura, 2009). This is a good example of learned behavior through direction observation of another individual, which is one of the core concepts of the Social Cognitive Theory. According to Sandoval (2008), the use of Social Cognitive Theory could effectively help student nurses develop certain skills they need throughout their nursing career. Conclusion The Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory both play an important role for the professional nursing practice. From the discussions above, we have learned that the Health Belief Model focuses on the ability of nurses to educate patients about health attitudes to help promote quality of life while the Social Cognitive Theory centers on learning or acquiring new skills. Student nurses may learn new nursing skills by observing their clinical instructors about the proper way of doing things (Potter & Perry, 2006). Both of the theories have their respective importance and functions for the nursing profession, and they could be considered as two of the main guiding principles of the nursing practice – one focuses on health promotion and illness prevention and the other focuses on learning skills needed by nurses to address patient needs. When both of these theories are effectively utilized, nurses could have increased confidence and level of education to support patients and become competent in their practice. References Bandura, A. (2009). SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology. 52(1): 3–26. Miller, K. (2005). Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts. NY: McGraw-Hill. Potter, P. & Perry, G. (2006). Fundamentals of nursing. St. Louis, MI: Elsevier Mosby. Sandoval, J. (2008). â€Å"Social Cognitive Theory: A Framework for Understanding Learning in a Nursing Student-preceptor Relationship how nursing students learn by doing In the Presence of a practicing nurse. Southern Nursing Research Society. 19(21): 22-29. Thurmond, V. & Popkess-Vawter, K. (2003). Examination of a middle range theory: Applying Astin’s input-environment-outcome (I-E-O) model to web-based education. Online Journal of Nursing Inf. 7(2).

Religion in Film: a Comparison of Fight Club and Antz Essay

At first glance, David Fincher’s â€Å"Fight Club† and Dreamworks Studio’s â€Å"Antz† could not be more diametrically opposed to each other in form and genre. One is a dark commentary on the vacuity of modern life, fraught with homoerotic subtext; the other is a brightly animated cartoon where the bad guy dies, the good guy gets the girl, and everybody lives happily ever after. I intentionally chose these two films, however, for their thematic similarity, to examine the recurring motif of striving for identity in a society of conveyer belt roles where the value of the individual is quickly depreciating toward extinction. By analyzing both films through a theological and Freudian lens, I intend to reveal the tension that has always existed between possessing the freedom of choice and submitting to an oppressive, delineating structure. â€Å"Antz† opens up with a disembodied voice announcing its anxieties. As the camera penetrates layers of New York underground, the voice is revealed to belong to a lonely ant. He is in therapy. We soon learn that his name is â€Å"Z† and he is a disgruntled worker ant, airing his frustrations over working all his life and never quite feeling satisfied. One is expected, as an ant, to devote all his efforts toward the good of his colony and deal with his needs being ignored. This is a common grievance, felt among the spectrum of classes and races. Regardless of status, hardly anybody ever feels he is getting his. Before we have time to dismiss Z’s grouchiness as trivial angst, the camera pans out and introduces us to the â€Å"gung-ho super organism† of ant life. What we see is a hyper complex built by and on millions of bodies that link together to drive the meticulous engine that runs and perpetuates the system. It is impossible to make out any one creature from the swarm of activity. We see elevator pulleys marked with phrases lik e â€Å"Let’s Work† and â€Å"Conquer Idleness,† a chilly reference to the Nazi motto that likewise drove millions of human souls to a state of dejection reflected in the demeanor of the worker ants, as well as Ed Norton’s character from Fight Club. We see ants producing their bundled babies for appraisal, where they are systematically (one might say, arbitrarily) assigned a role in the microcosm. Roles like â€Å"worker† and â€Å"soldier† are shouted out at random and these tiny cocoons, before even having a sense of their individuality—what Freud called recognition of self as separate from the mother (colony)—they are deprived of it. They are then designated a place in the hierarchy that will forever  determine their value by output. This systematic allocation of significance by measure of the whole in turn leaves the individual feeling utterly insignificant (Brintall 303). This is the way of life and up until now it went largely unquestioned. As everybody will tell Z, one ant is meaningless. It is not about him it’s about â€Å"us, the team,† working endlessly to build and acquire more, and he would do best to content himself with it and be happy. Don’t think too much. Think ing leads to rogue individualism that puts the whole microcosm in jeopardy. There appears to be no room for pleasure in this life. Even activities intended to relieve pressure and stress, such as dancing and drinking, are normalized, structured. Socializing too has its place, as the ants are transferred from one ghetto to the next. Ants dance in a group and any who desist are either bullied back into submission or removed entirely. If one may speak of computerized ants in a sexual nature, we can observe how the libidinal economy is so tightly controlled in their environment that all drive toward freedom and creativity is squelched. Inner desires have been buried under dirt and exhaustion and thus, if Freud was correct and our energy drive must be pointed somewhere, the eros is redirected toward work, ungratifying as it may be (Brintall 296). It is transferred into idolizing the strength inherent in uniformity, as personified by the macho General Mandible, who’s face comes as close to sexual gratification as an ant’s could when glancing out at the swarming and sweating organism. Although pleasure is at odds with pain, when all prospects for it are denied, pain—the endurance of reality—becomes the only frontier where any pleasure can surface (Brintall 299). It is through pain that the Narrator in â€Å"Fight Club† asserts his identity, his masculinity and his divorce from the whole of society. He feels the punch, not the corporation he slaves for. That scar, that bruise, that burn is on his body and his alone. But this is later in the plot, which it makes little sense to spend time recapitulating, as you are most likely already familiar with it. Rather, I would like to isolate and review specific incidents to connect them with themes of religion and sociology. Though the repressive system of collectivism is not stated as overtly in black and white as in â€Å"Antz,† it is clear that the totalitarian regime in â€Å"Fight Club† is modern consumer culture. Having returned home (after successfully realizing his alter-ego Tyler Durden) to find his apartment  blown to pieces, the Narrator (who’s name is necessarily inconsequential) laments the loss of his beloved designer wardrobe and catalogue dining room set. What are we, asks Tyler? And the answer is infamous: we are consumers. Consumers who exhaust themselves to emptiness, working to fulfill a false dream, to acquire and acquire, believing each new possession will bring them closer to feeling complete. Human beings work to be the masters of their domain, a domain filled with the products of other human labor and frustrations of their own lack and inability to conquer it fully (Brintall 297). All creative energy and hope is transferred into consumerism, an oppressive system we ourselves helped create and perpetuate and thus permit it to establish mastery over us. And what are we told when we inevitably find ourselves feeling even more empty than where we started? To lighten up and not dwell on â€Å"it.† What is this â€Å"it†? This is the â€Å"it† that keeps the Narrator up at night; the â€Å"it† that inspires Z to run away in search of freedom, in search of release; the â€Å"it† that leads both characters into the next stage of their development in their search for meaning and identity; the elusive â€Å"it† that excites the first blow and enables both the main characters to opt out of being just another avatar in the assembly line of human souls and go in search of something better, something else. For Z, it is a perfect utopia where insects can choose their own roles in life instead of being handled by the institution. For Tyler, it is a dystopia, perfect in its chaos and lack of oppressive structure. Each character makes a conscious choice to pursue a different course in life, meaning to demonstrate how individuality is a by-product of free will. But how free are human beings, really? Closer inspection reveals that neither character liberate s himself from structure, and especially not from idolatry. His focus simply shifts toward romanticizing a more bohemian lifestyle (or perhaps it is the audience’s focus that shifts). Although â€Å"Fight Club† is rarely referred to as romanticized. In his commentary about the film, director David Fincher talks about the meticulously sloppy care devoted to the film by exposing it to durations of harsh light, stretching contrast, and similar distortion techniques used to achieve the washed-out, deconstructed picture—a nod back to the film noir genre that characterized the inescapable dreariness and nihilism of the war-time era when life was so desperately devoid of all purpose or intrinsic value. But Tyler encourages  us to send all our pre-constructed notions of value and purpose to hell, and face reality. The reality is that there is no greater meaning, no utopia â€Å"beyond the mast and across the river,† as swears Z, and that putting one’s faith in redemption or God is useless, seeing as how in all pro bability â€Å"God hates you.† It is not surprising he feels this way, given the direct correlation between God and the father. Both films are interlaced with the issue of fatherly abandonment. When the scene first opens up on Z reclining in his therapist’s office cavity, we are subjected to the comical farce of an ant theorizing that his anxieties are most likely rooted in his childhood abandonment issues: his father crawled out on him when he was just a maggot. One cannot help but feel the cinematic hilarity of a tiny ant who’s immense feelings of inadequacy are not only mirrored by our own, but are actually in consensus with our estimation of an ant (and thus ourselves). In a similar exchange between the Narrator and Tyler Durden, the former recalls his father’s proclivity for fostering families all over and then walking out on them. To which Tyler, soaking nonchalantly in a tub in front of his ‘friend’, cogently replies the man is â€Å"setting up franchises,† as though the nurturing of children was nothing more than a simple business transaction. So how can these â€Å"thirty year old boys† be expected to enter into, as Freud wrote, normal, heterosexual society when their lives have been devoid of the strong authority of the father? (Freud handout) After all, â€Å"Our fathers were our models for God,† points out Tyler, â€Å"If they left, what does that tell you about God?† But to abandon our search for the divine is impossible, for in religion there lie answers. With the help of religion we can extract meaning. We see the Narrator attending support groups for the terminally ill in an attempt to establish a connection and find meaning, once again with pain as the currency. By witnessing the pain of other people’s realities, he finds pleasure, he finds acceptance and release—and sleep. These groups are for him akin to communion, a place where pent-up energies can be redistributed. Whatever the grievance, whatever is lacking in this life, a spiritual gathering maintains the possibility for ho pe. Religion thus becomes not just an outlet, a place where the eros can stir and the soul can come alive, but a way to compensate for the â€Å"longing for paternal protection,† the feeling of emptiness rooted early in childhood. Even as Tyler argues that religion is ineffectual, we realize  that in a society where children’s mental and social development is outsourced to vacuous advertisements, those products and ads take the place of the father—and eventually God himself. As â€Å"Fight Club† evolves and membership in the bloody communion grows larger and larger, we see the film come full circle. What began as a search for meaning beyond identification with a repressive system of consumerism, swelled into its own macrocosm (not unlike institutionalized Atheism) fueled by identical and nameless, yet willful, automatons. They are still participating in a society that extinguishes rogue individuality, but they are doing so by choice. Still, human beings need something to elevate and hold up as God, as the ideal. So they elevate Tyler Durden. They elevate fight club, the reality of owning your pain because pleasure is a blinding myth. Are human beings therefore truly free to make their own choices, is the abiding theological and sociological question. The task of determining the controlling force of society—religious collectivism, political collectivism, even anarchical collectivism—nags at our notion of free will. Of course in â€Å"Antz,† it being a kid’s film after all, the tyranny is embodied in one character. In â€Å"Fight Club† it is intentionally disembodied, in-your-face yet still invisible. â€Å"Our great war,† Tyler advocates, â€Å"is a spiritual war.† One might think if we just do away with consumerism, religion, any system, the subconscious would be free to express its most inner desires. But we discover this is not so. There doesn’t seem to be any more meaning or truth in the Ikea catalogue than in the eventual culmination of Project Mayhem, which conspires for the destruction of all authority and material idols—what Freud would deem the death drive. Though the characters in â€Å"Fight Club† have been so disheartened by the lacking prospect of creativity and purpose, and now seek to destroy everything they’ve ever identified with, they are still not free. Perhaps it is only through losing oneself in God, in work, in different institutions, each with their own offerings of value, that one can seek out one’s unique identity. It is possible that the hope for something better—be it called enlightenment, utopia or deeper understanding—allows one to exercise free will in the pursuit of meaning and pleasure, if never finding either itself. Works Cited 1. Anker, Roy M. â€Å"Narrative.† 2. â€Å"Antz.† (1998, dir. Eric Darnell) 3. Brintnall, Kent. â€Å"Psychoanalysis.† 4. â€Å"Fight Club.† (1999, dir. David Fincher) 5. Freud, Sigmund. â€Å"Civilization and Its Discontents.†